• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and the role of DWI for the diagnosis of HIE. Materials and Methods : Six patients with HIE underwent MRI including DWI. MR examinations were performed within 4 - 32 days (mean, 11.8 days) after hypoxic brain insult. We assessed the distribution of the lesions and compared the DWI and T2, FLAIR images for the subjective conspicuity of the lesions. Results : In all patients, symmetrical hyperintense lesions were demonstrated in the bilateral basal ganglia on T2, FLAIR, and DWI. On ADC map image, the lesions were hypointense in four of six patients and isointense in other two patients. Lesion conspicuity on DWI was higher than on T2 and FLAIR images in four of six patients and similar in other two patients. For the involvement of the cortex and subcortical white matter, in five of six patients, bilateral symmetric hyperintense lesions were seen on T2, FLAIR, and DWI. Lesion conspicuity on DWI was higher than on T2 and FLAIR images in three of them and similar in other two patients. On ADC map image, the lesions showed hypointensity in three of five patients and isointensity in other two patients. For the involvement of the deep cerebral white matter, T2, FLAIR, and DWI showed bilateral symmetric hyperintense lesions in four of six patients. Among them, Lesion conspicuity on DWI was higher than on T2 and FLAIR images in only one patient. Conclusion : HIE is characterized by symmetrical hyperintense lesions in the bilateral basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and white matter on DWI and the lesions are more conspicuously demonstrated on DWI than on T2 and FLAIR images.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.129-139
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• 2016

Exercise increases the expression and interaction of major neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at both central and peripheral tissues, which contributes to improved brain and neural plasticity and cognitive function. Previous findings have been to understand the effect of light or moderate intensity aerobic exercise on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function, not that of high intensity aerobic exercise. However, recent findings suggest that high intensity interval training is a safe, less time-consuming, efficient way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and weight control, thus American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM)’s guidelines for exercise prescription for various adult populations also recommend the application of high intensity interval training to promote their overall health. High intensity interval training also enhances the expression of BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF at the brain and peripheral tissues, which improves cognitive function. Increased frequency of intermittent hypoxia and increased usage of lactate as a supplementary metabolic resource at the brain and neural components are considered a putative physiological mechanism by which high intensity interval training improves neurotrophic factors and cognitive function. Therefore, future studies are required to understand how increased hypoxia and lactate usage leads to the improvement of neurotrophic factors and what the related biological mechanisms are. In addition, by comparing with the iso-caloric moderate continuous exercise, the superiority of high intensity interval training on the expression of neurotrophic factors and cognitive function should be demonstrated by associated future studies.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1043-1050
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• 2015

Glutamate is one of the principle transmitters in the CNS. Ionotropic receptors of glutamate, selectively activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), play an important role in the processes of cell development, learning, memory, and etc. On the other hand, many studies discovered that over-activation of glutamate receptors leads to neurodegeneration and are known to be implicated in major areas of brain pathology. Any sustained effect of a transient NMDA receptor activation is likely to involve signaling to the nucleus and to trigger coordinated changes in gene expression. Classically, a set of immediate-early genes are induced first; some of genes are by themselves transcription factors that control expression of other target genes. This study provides understanding of changes of inducible transcription factors mRNA levels with RT-PCR by inducing over-activation of NMDA receptor with intraperitoneal NMDA injection. The experimental conditions were varied by 1, 5, 25, and 125 g/ of body weight NMDA and measured transcription factors mRNA levels are Egr-1, c-Jun, JunB, and FosB. Based on result obtained, inducible transcription factors mRNA in NMDA injection to mice with 5 g/body weight showed the greatest change. And ITF mRNA showed greatest change 24 hr after injection. The expression level of JunB mRNA was markedly changed. Up to the present days, no study clearly understood how ITF mRNA affected the apoptosis of purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The current study improves the understanding of the mechanism of apoptosis of purkinje cells in the cerebellum.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.1048-1052
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• 2009

Plastic bronchitis is a rare disease characterized by the recurrent formation of branching mucoid bronchial casts that are large and more cohesive than those that occur in ordinary mucus plugging. Casts may vary in size and can be spontaneously expectorated, but some require bronchoscopy for removal. Plastic bronchitis can therefore present as an acute life-threatening emergency if obstruction of the major airways occurs. Three of 22 reported patients with eosinophilic casts were fatal, with death due to central airway obstruction. Here, we report a child with no history of atopy, allergy, or congenital heart disease who was diagnosed with plastic bronchitis with eosinophilic casts. Although he was administered intravenous (iv) antibiotics; iv corticosteroids; and a vigorous pulmonary toilet regimen, including chest physiotherapy and routine bronchoscopic removal of casts, he had brain death secondary to hypoxic brain damage. Plastic bronchitis can be fatal when casts obstruct the major airways, as in the present case. Clinicians should intervene early if a patient exhibits signs and symptoms consistent with plastic bronchitis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.91-94
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• 2003

Raine syndrome was described as an unknown syndrome in 1989. It is characterized by severe craniofacial anomalies with microcephaly, hypoplastic nose, depressed nasal bridge, exophthamos/protosis, gum hypertrophy, cleft palate, low-set ears, small mandible, narrow chest, wide cranial sutures and choanal atresia or stenosis, by generalized osteosclerosis with subperiosteal thickening of ribs, clavicles and diaphysis of long bones, and by intracranial calcifications in the particularly periventricular area. It undergoes an autosomal recessive inheritance. Twelve cases of Raine syndrome have been reported in the literature. However, a case of Raine syndrome in Korea has not been reported yet. Therefore, we describe a female newborn with Raine syndrome with a brief review of the literatures.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

뇌성마비는 뇌 발달시기중 초기의 장애로 인하여 운동기능과 자세의 이상 등을 초래하는 질환으로 임상적으로 여러 유형으로 나누어진다. 뇌성마비 환자중에서 MRI 상 롤란도야의 이상소견을 보이는 경우 특이한 임상적 특징을 나타낸다고 보고되어있다. 본 논문에서는 이들을 대상으로 하여 뇌 단일광자컴퓨터촬영에서 나타나는 뇌혈류 이상 소견과 MRI 소견, 그리고 임상양상들을 비교해보고자 하였다. 임상적으로 뇌성마비로 진단된 80여명의 환자중 MRI상 롤란도야에 저산소성 뇌질환의 소견을 보인 7명을 대상으로 하였다. 이들에게 5-10mCi의 Tc-99m-ECD를 정맥주사후 뇌 단일광자컴퓨터촬영을 하였다. 뇌 단일광자컴퓨터촬영상에서는 특히 뇌피질, 선조체, 시상, 뇌간 및 소뇌의 혈류이상 소견을 분석하였고, 이를 MRI 소견 및 임상증상과 비교하였다. 모든 환자들은 만삭 또는 만삭에 가깝게 태어났고, 주산기 아사가 여섯명의 환자에서 있었다. 임상적으로는 긴장성 사지마비로 나타났다. Tc-99m ECD를 이용한 뇌 단일광자 컴퓨터촬영상 롤란도야의 혈류감소는 모두에서 확연하게 나타났다 MRI상에서 롤란도야의 이상소견은 5명에서는 확실하게 나타났고, 2명에서는 의심되었다. MRI상에서 이상소견을 보인 것보다 더 광범위한 부분에서 뇌단일광자컴퓨터촬영상 이상소견이 보였다. 결론적으로, 롤란도야에서 이상소견을 보인 환자는 임상적, 구조적, 그리고 기능적으로 특이한 소견을 보였다. Tc-99m-ECD를 이용한 뇌 단일광자컴퓨터촬영은 매우 민감하게 반영하였고, MRI보다 뇌의 더 광범위한 부위에서 이상소견을 보였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

배경 : 급성 폐손상은 폐내, 외의 원인질환들에 의해 폐포-모세혈관의 투과성이 증가하며, 폐부종에 의해 급성 저산소성 호흡곤란이 유발되는 증후군이다. 헤파린은 항응고작용 외에 자체적으로 항염증효과를 가지고 있으나, 염증성질환에 헤파린을 투여하면 출혈성 합병증이 발생하기 때문에 실제로 임상에서 이용하는데 제약이 있다. 하지만 헤파린에서 2-O와 3-O sulfate를 제거하면, 항응고 효과가 제거되고 항염증효과는 지니고 있는 비항응고성 헤파린 (nonanticoagulant heparin)으로 변화한다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐에게 내독소 (LPS)를 투여하거나, 출혈성 쇼크를 일으켜서 유발된 급성폐손상에서 비항응고성 헤파린의 치료효과를 살펴보았다. 방법 : 각 군당 5 마리 이상의 흰쥐 (Balb/c mouse)를 이용하였다. 미정맥 (tail vein)을 통해 생리식염수 또는 비항응고성 헤파린 (50 mg/kg)을 투여한 직후에 내독소를 복강으로 투여하거나 (1 mg/kg), 심장천자를 통해 총 혈액의 1/3 정도로 제거하여 출혈성 쇼크를 유도하여 급성폐손상을 유발하였다. 내독소 투여 또는 출혈성 쇼크 유발 1 시간 후에 흰쥐를 희생시키고 폐를 적출하였고, 폐의 염증성 변화는 사이토카인 ($TNF-{\alpha}$, MIP-2, $IL-1{\beta}$)을 측정하여 살펴보았고, 폐손상의 정도는 myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay와 wet-to-dry weight ratio를 측정하여 알아보았다. 결 과 : 내독소를 투여한 흰쥐의 폐에서 대조군의 폐에 비해 사이토카인의 발현이 증가하고 ($TNF-{\alpha}$; $196.1{\pm}10.8$ vs $83.7{\pm}18.4pg/ml$, MIP-2; $3,000{\pm}725$ vs $187{\pm}26pg/ml$, $IL-1{\beta}$; $6,500{\pm}1167$ vs $266{\pm}25pg/ml$, p<0.05, respectively), 폐의 MPO 활성이 증가하였다 ($27.9{\pm}6.2$ vs $10.5{\pm}2.3U/g$ of lung protein, p<0.05). 출혈성 쇼크를 일으킨 흰쥐의 폐에서 대조군의 폐에 비해 사이토카인의 발현은 증가되지 않았으나, MPO 발현은 증가되었다 ($16.5{\pm}3.2$ vs $10.5{\pm}2.3U/g$ of lung protein, p<0.05). 내독소 투여 또는 출혈성 쇼크에 의해 급성폐손상이 유발된 흰쥐에서 생리적 식염수를 투여하거나 비항응고성 헤파린을 투여한 군 사이에 사이토카인의 발현이나 MPO 활성에 의미있는 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 비항응고성 헤파린은 내독소를 투여하거나 출혈성 쇼크를 일으키고 한 시간 뒤에 측정한 흰쥐의 급성폐손상에서 의미있는 치료효과를 보이지 않았다.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.72-89
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• 2003

To elucidate the neuroprotective effect of Yeoldahanso-tang(YHT) on nerve cells damaged by hypoxia, the cytotoxic effects of exposure to hypoxia were determined by XTT(SODIUM3,3'-{I-[(PHENYLAMINO) CARBONYL]-3,4-TETRAZOLIUM}- BIS (4-METHOXY-6-NITRO) BENZENE SULFONIC ACID HYDRATE), NR(Neutral red), MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and SRB(Sulforhodamin B) asssay. The activity of catalase and SOD(Superoxide dismutase) was measured by spectrophometry, and $TNF-{\alpha}$(Tumor cell necrosis $fector-{\alpha}$) and PKC(Protein kinase C) activity was measured after exposure to hypoxia and treatment of YHTWE. Also the neuroprotective effect of YHTWE was researched for the elucidatioion of neuroprotective mechanism. The results were as follows; 1. Hypoxia decreased cell viability measured by XTT, NR assay when cultured cerebral neurons were exposed to 95% N2/5% CO2 for $2{\sim}26$ minutes in these cultures and YHTWE inhibited the decrease of cell viability. 2. H2O2 treatment decreased cell viability measured by MTT, and SRB assay when cultured cerebral neurons were exposed to 1-80 ${\mu}M$ for 6 hours, but YHTWE inhibited the decrease of cell viability. 3. Hypoxia decreased catalase and SOD activity, and also $TNF-{\alpha}$ and PKC activity in these cultured cerebral neurons, but YHTWE inhibited the decrease of the catalase and SOD activity in these cultures. 4. Hypoxia triggered the apoptosis via caspase activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Also hypoxia stimulate the release of cytochrome c forom mitochondria. YHTWE inhibited the apoptosis via caspase activation induced by hypoxia. From these results, it can be suggested that brain ischemia model induced hypoxia showed neurotoxicity on cultured mouse cerebral neurons, and the YHTWE has the neuroprotective effect in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by hypoxia in cultured mouse cerebral neurons.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1082-1091
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• 2003

To elucidate the neuroprotective effect of Kamijihwang-hwan(KSH) on nerve cells damaged by hypoxia, the cytotoxic effects of exposure to hypoxia were determined by XTT, NR, MTT and SRB asssay. The activity of catalase and SOD was measured by spectrophometry, and TNF-α and PKC activity was measured after exposure to hypoxia and treatment of Kamijihwang-hwan(KSH) water extract(KJHWE). Also the neuroprotective effect of KJHWE was researched for the elucidation of neuroprotective mechanism. The results were as follows ; Hypoxia decreased cell viability measured by XTT, NR assay when cultured cerebral neurons were exposed to 95% N2/5% CO₂ for 2～26 minutes in these cultures and KJHWE inhibited the decrease of cell viability. H₂O₂ treatment decreased cell viability measured by MTT, and SRB assay when cultured cerebral neurons were exposed to 1-80 uM for 6 hours, but KJHWE inhibited the decrease of cell viability. Hypoxia decreased catalase and SOD activity, and also TNF-α and PKC activity in these cultured cerebral neurons, but KJHWE inhibited the decrease of the catalase and SOD activity in these cultures. Hypoxia triggered the apoptosis via caspase activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Also hypoxia stimulate the release of cytochrome c form mitochondria. KJHWE inhibited the apoptosis via caspase activation induced by hypoxia. From these results, it can be suggested that brain ischemia model induced hypoxia showed neurotoxity on cultured mouse cerebral neurons, and the KJHWE has the neuroprotective effect in blocking the neurotoxity induced by hypoxia in cultured mouse cerebral neurons.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2002

Purpose : To introduce and demonstrate the advantages of the new hybrid two-dimensional (2D) proton spectroscopic imaging (SI) over the single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) and conventional 2D SI in the clinical application of spectroscopy for pediatric cerebral disease. Materials and Methods : Eighty-one hybrid 2D proton spectroscopic imaging was performed in 79 children (36 normal infants and children, 10 with hypoxic-ischemic injury, 20 with toxic-metabolic encephalopathy, seven with brain tumor, three with meningoencephalitis, one with neurofibromatosis, one with Sturge-Weber syndrome and one with lissencephaly) ranging in age from the third day of life to 15 years. In adult volunteers (n=5), all three techniques including hybrid 2D proton SI, SVS using PRESS sequence, and conventional 2D proton SI were performed. Both hybrid 2D proton SI and SVS using PRESS sequence were performed in clinical cases (n=). All measurements were performed with a 1.5-T scanner using standard head quadrature coil. The 16$\times$16 phase encoding steps were set on variable field of view (FOV) depending on the size of the brain. The hybrid volume of interest inside FOV was set as $75{\times}75{\times}15{\;}\textrm{mm}^3$ or smaller to get rid of unwanted fat signal. Point-resolved spectroscopy (TR/TE=1,500 msec/135 or 270msec) was employed with standard chemical shift selective saturation (CHESSI pulses for water suppression. The acquisition time and spectral quality of hybrid 2D proton SI were compared with those of SVS and conventional 2D proton SI. Results : The hybrid 2D proton SI was successfully conducted upon all patients.