• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2019

This study was to compare arterial stiffness and hemodynamic responses between male smokers and non-smokers. This study also investigates the influences of smoking before exercise on arterial stiffness and hemodynamic responses. 24 male subjects of age 20-29 without history of cardiorespiratory disease were divided into smokers and non-smokers. Smokers had more than 5 years of smoking experience. In order to evaluate the effects of pre-exercise smoking, smokers were tested twice, once with a cigarette before the exercise and the other once without one. Data was collected from bio-impedance analysis, SphygmoCor XCEL, graded exercise test, and fitness test. Main results of this study are as follows: First, there are differences between smokers and non-smokers in cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response functions, as shown by maximal oxygen consumption, exercise duration, and heart rate. Second, the although the arterial stiffness between smokers and non-smokers showed statistically significant differences in the speed of the pulse wave velocity and augmentation index, smoker had a faster rate. It shows that smoking behavior has a negative impact on the cardiovascular system. Third, pre-exercise smoking behavior does have an impact on cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response functions, as shown by exercise duration and heart rate. Lastly, arterial stiffness between smokers and non-smokers showed statistically not significant in the speed of the pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Brachial systolic pressure, a component of pulse wave analysis, on the other hand, was significantly dependent on pre-exercise smoking behavior. Subjects who participated in this study are college students in early 20s. Given their relatively short history of smoking, it is possible that their smoking habits are not severe enough to develop into cardiorespiratory or cardiovascular diseases. But Smokers showed lower levels of cardiopulmonary functions, as maximal oxygen consumption and exercise duration than nonsmokers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.584-591
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• 2018

This study was conducted to determine the levels of cognitive impairment (MMSE-K) among centenarians, and to reveal their association with related variables. The study subjects were 268 centenarians who received medical check-ups from the National Health Insurance Corporation during the period of 2016-2017. The levels of cognitive impairment were significantly reduced among females as well as those living with spouses and children, lower monthly income, lower BMI and individuals who engaged in smoking and alcohol consumption without regular exercise relative to their respective counterparts. The risk of definitive cognitive impairment in study subjects was significantly higher among women (ORs=9.85, 95% CI=2.88-33.59) than men and was lower in obese group (ORs=0.25, 95% CI=0.07-0.86) than in low weight groups, as well as in non-smoking (ORs=0.30, 95% CI=0.10-0.83) than smoking groups. The factors influencing the cognitive impairment of study subjects were sex, living status, monthly income, BMI and smoking status. Taken together, these results suggest that the levels of cognitive impairments among centenarians differed significantly in response to socio-demographic characteristics and health related variables. Especially, the levels of cognitive impairments decreased among those with poor health related variables such as smoking, alcohol consumption and regular exercise.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.6C
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• pp.520-526
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• 2012

Mostly lung diseases by smoking and air pollution is increasing social interest one of 6 kinds of modern diseases which is difficult functional recovery of damaged lung as dangerous diseases of life extension. Therefore, to reduce suffering from respiratory diseases is usually non-smoking, to do strengthen behavior of lung function. In this paper, we would like to propose method to do investigation by voice analysis technology to apply when lung associated ear acupuncture point stimulus to help strengthen actually lung function. From this, we would like to consider the voice change of before/after in smoking to analyze the impact on the human body to the lungs. Based on this experiment, we would like to investigate numerically quantity data actual improved lung function to analyze of voice character difference of before/after in lung associated ear acupuncture point stimulating.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2002-2011
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine the levels of physical function (ADL, IADL) and to reveal its association with the related factors in the elderly people. The study subjects were 1,756 (male 872, female 884) people aged over 70 who received medical check-ups and long-term care services between 2009 and 2012 from the National Health Insurance Corporation. As a result, the distribution of impaired ADL and IADL increased significantly with age. Logistic regression showed that the risk ratio of impaired ADL was increased significantly in the following groups: female, urban, low weight, stroke history group, smoking, alcohol drinking, and not regular exercise group. The risk ratio of an impaired IADL were increased significantly in the group of females, low weight, smoking, alcohol drinking. On the other hand the risk ratio of an impaired ADL and IADL was similar in each age group. As above results, the levels of ADL and IADL in the study subjects are closely related to the socio-demographic characteristics and health related behaviors. In particular, they suggested that the levels of ADL and IADL were lower in the poor group of the health-related behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and regular exercise.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1 s.115
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• pp.21-31
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to analyze trends of temporal water quality and trophic state in Andong and Imha reservoirs using chemical dataset during 1993 ${\sim}$ 2004, obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. According to long-term limnological analyses, Suspended solids (SS) in Imha Reservoir were 2 ${\sim}$ 8 fold2 greater, than those in SS of Andong Reservoir, and the high solids increased total phosphorus (TP) and biological oxygen demand ($BOD_5$) and decreased the transparency, measured as Secchi depth (SD). Chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) increased little or decreased slightly in the both reservoirs during the high solids, resulting in reduced yields of CHL-a : TP ratios. The deviation analysis of Trophic State Index (TSI) in Imha Reservoir showed that about 70% of TSI (CHL-a)-TSI (SD) and TSI (CHL-a)-TSI(TP) values were less than zero and the lowest values were-60, indicating that influence of inorganic solids (or non-volatile solids) on phytoplankton growth was evident in Imha Reservoir and the impact was greater than that of Andong Reservoir. Inorganic solids in Imha Reservoir resulted in light limitation on phytoplankton growth and thus contributed variations in the relations among three parameters of trophic state index. Especially, seasonal data analysis of nutrients in both reservoirs showed that during the postmonsoon, mean TP concentration was Imha Reservoir greater in than that in Andong Reservoir. The higher TP concentrantion was mainly attributed to increases of inorganic solids from soil erosions and nonpoint source inputs within the watershed. The high inorganic turbidity in Imha Reservoir should be reduced for the conservation of water quality for, especially a tap water supply.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term survival of implants retrospectively and determine the risk factors associated with implant failure. Materials and Methods: Of all implants that were placed at the Department of Periodontology of the Dental Hospital of Gangneung-Wonju National University from January 1998 to December 2012, 2265 implants that were followed up until June 2013 were included in this study. Data were collected from clinical and radiographic examinations from previous visits. The information gathered included gender, age, smoking status, implant diameter, implant length, surface of implant, location of implant within the dental arch, surgical techniques and existence of complications. Results: The survival rate before loading was 98.9%. The cumulative survival rate after 5 years of loading was 97.2%, and after 15 years of loading was 95.2%. In a simple logistic regression analysis, gender (P = 0.016), smoking status (P = 0.001), location of implant (P = 0.020) and existence of complications (P = 0.002) were statistically associated with implant failure and included in the multiple regression analysis. As a result of multiple logistic regression analysis, the variables statistically associated with implant failure (P < 0.05) were smoking status (P = 0.049) and existence of complications (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The cumulative survival rate of dental implants after 15 years of loading was 95.2% and that the variables statistically associated with implant failure were smoking status and existence of complications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.154-161
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• 1997

Background : Although the long term adverse effects of cigarette smoking on health are well known, the acute possible detrimental effects of smoking on pulmonary or cardiovascular function, especially when these systems are stressed by the metabolic demands of exercise, have not been well studied The purpose of this study is to determine the acute action of cigarette smoking on cardiopulmonary function under stress. Method : Twenty -one healthy smoking subjects were studied. Before exrecise testing, history taking, physical examination and baseline studies, including CBC, chest PA, PFT and EKG, were done. The subjects performed an incremental bicycle exercise test to exhaustion on two occasions, one without smoking and the other after smoking 5 cigarettes/h for 2 hours. All indices of P.F.T. and bicycle ergometry were compared between before and after smoking. Results : 1. $VO_2$max and $O_2$ pulse showed significant decrease in smoking day. 2. Although there were no significant differences, anaerobic threshold showed a tendency of decrease and HRmax showed that of increase in smoking day. 3. P.F.T. and respiratory indices showed no significant change io smoking day. Conclusion : Cigarette smoking has immediate adverse effect, especially on the cardiovascular system rather than the respiratory system. These results would be due to the effect of elevated HbCO and/or impaired blood flow in response to the exercise stimulus.

• KOREAN ASSOCIATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSES
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• v.8 no.2 s.28
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• pp.10-18
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• 2001

우리나라 대기오염의 수준은 지난 90년대 초반 이후 아황산가스와 총부유분진의 농도가 감소하고, 대신 오존과 이산화질소의 농도가 증가하면서 점차 다른 선진국에서 경험하는 대기오염현황을 보이고 있다. 한편 PM10과 PM2.5와 같은 미세분진의 경우 그 측정기간이 짧고 자료가 제한적이지만, 일부 지역에서 증가추세를 보이고 있으며, 그 수준을 비교하였을 때 현재 선진국에서 책정한 미세분진의 규제농도를 훨씬 상회하는 것으로 판단된다. 대기오염으로 인한 건강영향으로는 급성으로 고농도에 수 시간에서 수 일 동안 노출되는 경우 폐기능의 저하, 심박동의 변화, 그리고 신체내 염증물질의 증가 등 인체 기능의 변화가 보고되고 있으며, 기존에 폐장질환이나 심혈관질환을 앓고 있는 사람들의 경우 증세의 악화와 의료이용의 증가 등을 경험하거나 더 나아가 사망에 이르러 수명이 단축되는 것이 보고되고 있다. 급성노출의 경우 미세분진 PM10 10 $\mu$m/m3 당 전체 사망률이 0.5-1$\%$ 가량 증가하는 것으로 보고되며, 만성노출을 조사한 코호트 연구에 근거하는 경우 대기오염에 노출되는 전체 인구에 있어 PM2.5 1 $\mu$m/m3 당 1개월의 수명이 단축되는 것으로 추정되고 있다. 아직 대기오염으로 인한 건강영향의 기전이 전부 밝혀진 것은 아니지만, 일부 연구에서 대기오염물질 중에서 전이금속의 역할이 보고되고 있으며, 대기오염에 노출되면서 기관지, 폐포 및 혈액 등에서 염증매개물질의 분비 및 확산 그리고 심장을 비롯한 각 장기 기능의 변화가 보고되고 있다. 한편 이러한 변화들이 증세와 건강상의 비가역적 변화를 야기하는데 있어 대기오염 수준의 역치는 없는 것으로 판단되고 있다. 이러한 대기오염의 영향에 대한 개인수준의 해결책으로서는 자동차 사용의 절제 및 개인적인 쓰레기 소각의 자제 등 오염원 발생의 감소와 함께 대기오염 수준에 따른 증세 및 투약의 적절한 조절과 신체 활동의 조절을 통하여 오염원을 회피하는 것이 강조되어야 하며, 또한 흡연 특히 실내흡연의 금지와 실내 주방기구 및 난방기구의 관리 등이 구체적으로 제시될 수 있다. 마지막으로 대기오염물질들이 신체에 들어와 산화제로 작용하는 만큼, 식품을 통한 항산화제의 섭취가 일반적인 건강관리 수준에서라도 반드시 강조되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.501-510
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• 2019

This study aimed to find health related lifestyle factors that influence glycemic control for diabetes mellitus (DM) management strategies. This study used nested case-control design with matching variables that were not controlled by individuals such as age, sex, insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) use, disease duration, education level and household income. This study analyzed 983 subjects with type 2 DM who enrolled in the $7^{th}$ (2016-2017) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The target HbA1c level of controlled glucose was defined as less than 6.5%, and 289 (30%) were achieved. Conditional multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to find self-control factors associated with HbA1c levels. The results statistically significant for variables such as duration of diabetes, insulin or OHA use in overall cohort and body mass index (BMI), smoking and fundus Examination in matched cohort. These results are expected to provide as evidence for the intensive care criteria(disease duration, drug use) and lifestyle management strategy(BMI, smoking, fundus examination).

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.91-100
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• 2006

This paper examines the situation and tasks of UK rail privatization, especially focusing on after the Hatfield rail accident. Earlier research which focused on the UK's Privatization had little knowledge of the explanations for recent changes. Moreover they had difficulty making a direct comparison between national rail and the privatized rail. Therefore we aye left without a good explanation which has a comprehensive perspective. I attempt to show the change in the rail privatization Process and its outcome, focusing on after the Hatfield rail accident. This Paper argues that the UK's vail privatization process has a regulatory framework which is too complicated with overlapping responsibilities that brought about inefficiency, increasing costs and a superficial safety regime. Especially the planning of rail and infrastructure maintenance did not come to play an appropriate role. However after 2000, the government took charge of setting the strategy for railways, and the Office of Rail Regulation covered safety performance and cost. explain that these changes present a good opportunity to solve the problem of passing the buck for poor performance. Through the analysis, I find that the passenger rail network is well-suited to deliver long distance business and commuters and that the subsidy from the government is decreasing. However, performance, for example punctuality and reliability. should be improved. Especially the Hatfield rail accident caused a reduction in the satisfaction of passengers. In future. the problems of rising costs and monopoly franchise system should be addressed.