• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2006

Clear-cut followed by tree planting has been a conventional management practice in burned forests in Korea. Because this can considerably increase soil loss, hillslope treatments may be needed in order to improve soil stability at poorly regenerating areas. This paper reviews the effects of hillslope treatments, such as seeding, mulching and log erosion barriers, which have been applied to restore vegetation and conserve soil in burned forests in North America and Europe. Seeding has been the most common method for postfire restoration. However, the effects of seeding on vegetation cover and soil erosion are not clear and seeding with non-native species has been reported to inhibit regeneration of native vegetation. Mulching has been found to be effective at reducing soil erosion. However, this also can introduce non-native plant species and inhibit native plant regeration. Although studies on the effect of log erosion barriers are very few, it appears that log erosion barriers are effective in the period of little rainfall. Hillslope treatments for postfire restoration is not necessary for naturally regenerating areas and therefore, they should be restricted to the areas where regeneration potential is low and runoff and soil loss is considerable. Long-term monitoring is needed to assess the effectiveness of hillslope treatments on soil erosion, the introduction of non-native plant species and the inhibition of natural plant regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.26-41
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to classify parks by type and to propose management plans for each park type. Environmental characteristics of urban parks in Daegu Metropolitan City were used to classify them into five categories. A total of 68 neighborhood parks were classified using their internal/external environmental factors, with a resulting distribution of 41 parks classified as 'FFR-type parks,' 12 as 'HNR-type parks,' 6 as FFCI-type parks,' 3 as FFA-type parks,' and 6 as 'HNA-type parks.' In the analysis of ecological and usage characteristics for the neighborhood park types, FFR-type parks had excellent park accessibility and the highest population density within the park service area. HNR-type parks had high NDVI from their natural green spaces, but their accessibility was low. FFCI-type parks had very low NDVI and green space connectivity, and also had low park accessibility and population density. FFA-type parks had low NDVI and green space connectivity, and very poor accessibility. HNA-type parks had high NDVI and green space connectivity. These findings provide an effective base dataset for use in preparing long-term plans for remodeling and managing urban neighborhood parks.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.344-355
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• 2003

Water quality model applicable paddy field was developed using field experiment during 1999 ${\sim}$ 2002. This model involves inputs from fertilization and sediment release as dirac delta function and continuous source function, respectively, and can simulate various processes such as ponded depth, surface drainage, total nitrogen concentration and total phosphorus concentration in a daily basis. The model was calibrated using data collected from field experiments which was irrigated with ground water and validated from field experiments which was irrigated with surface water. The nutrient concentration of surface water depended on the fertilization and dirac delta function can efficiently explain the valiance of nutrient concentration of surface water by fertilizer. As a result of calibration and validation, this model demonstrates good agreement. The model fit efficiencies ($R^2$) of ponded depth, surface concentration of TN and TP were 0.93,0.98 and 0.95, respectively for calibration, and those of TN and TP were 0.99 and 0.70, respectively for validation. We can apply lake and reservoir model to analysis paddy field considered with shallow ponded system, but it will need so many parameters and have much uncertainty. Fortunately, paddy field have a series of cultural practices yearly basis, such as irrigation-fertilization-forced drain-harvest with a similar time , so simple model may explain the mechanism for paddy field. Water quality model for paddy field developed in this study is simply, needs little parameters, but appeared high applicability to evaluate paddy filed drainage. We recommend this model to estimate nutrient loading from paddy field and establish best management practice.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2004

This study was achieved to investigate the distribution state and the characteristic of Ageratina altissima community in five districts(90.15$\textrm{km}^2$), north of Seoul, Korea. Total distribution area of Ageratina altissima community was 1,860,805$m^2$ and the distribution rate of Ageratina altissima community was 23.7% in Yongsan-gu, Seoul and it was 13.7% in Joong-gu, Seoul including the Namsan-mountain. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and the actual vegetation, in case of the whole sites Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly in the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest and in case of Namsan-mountain area it was distributed mainly in the lower layer of the Pinus densiflora forest especially. In case of the whole sites, the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was highest in the Pinus koraiensis forest; on the other hand, it was highest in the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest with planted area excepting the Namsan-mountain. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and Green Covered Ratio(GCR), the more the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was heigher, the more GCR was higher in case of canopy and understory layer. Especially the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was most high where GCR was over 50%. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and aspect, Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly to the west, so we suppose that Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly in the lower layer of the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest which has fine canopy in the west. We should improve the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest to multi-layer natural forest to control the flourishing Ageratina altissima community in the long term.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2009

Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai (Leguminosae) is one of the threatened plant growing in secondary forest with sparse pine forest. The aim of this research is to investigate current status in a habitat of E. koreensis population, and obtain knowledge for conservation of the population. The flora of vascular plants and vegetation were investigated in the habitat E. koreensis in Mt. Bibong, Gangweon Province. Investigation were carried out in August 2003 and May 2008 at the three different habitats. As a result, a total 40 species 7 varieties of 28 family were recorded in whole area. The vegetation of investigated area was typical northern-temperate Pinus forest, humidity of soil was low and located at a slope area. These investigated area is very important for conservation of rare plant, E. koreensis. Therefore, sustainable conservation strategy such as designation of conservation area should be prepared urgently by the results of long-term monitoring studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.305-315
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• 2008

Payments for Environmental (or Ecosystem) Services (PES) are emerging as new conservation policy tools. The basic concept underlying PES is that users pay to providers of environmental services for ensuring the continual provision of services based on the voluntary contracts. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concepts and types of PES and to design a pilot PES scheme for biodiversity/ecosystem conservation on Genetic Reserve Forest in Korea. Genetic Reserve Forest is one of the protected areas designated in Korea to maintain forest biodiversity. PES is designed for the pine forests only in Genetic Reserve Forest, which corresponds to 943 ha. Service providers are to manage their forests based on the contracts in ways that maintain and enhance forest biodiversity and receive the payments in return. The payments are calculated as the sum of management, monitoring, and opportunity costs, resulting 1,140,378 won/year/ha (it corresponds to approximately $1,227 based on the 2007 average exchange rate 1$ = 929.2 won). Because PES are relatively new policies, however, more work needs to be done. Future work includes researches on the correlation between forest biodiversity and management practices and the economic evaluation of forest biodiversity. In addition, enhancing awareness on PES and education of stakeholders are warranted to further develop the scheme.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.21-27
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• 2003

Five warm-season turfgrass [Zoysia japonica Steud., Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm., Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack. and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] were overseeded with 2 cool-season turfgrasses [Poa pratensis L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.] to examine suitability of these species for planting in mixture for producing a year-round turf. Percent of warm-season and cool-season turfgrasses in the mixture were estimated for 5 years. Also, to evaluate the fertilization times of the warm-season and cool-season turrfgras mixtures. Eremochloa ophiuroides and Buchloe dactyloides were not suitable for warm-season and cool-season turfgrass mixtures. However, Zoysia japonica, Stenotaphrum secundatum and Cynodon dactylon were suitable for warm-season and cool-season turfgrass mixtures. Zoysia japonica, Stenotaphrum secundatum and Cynodon dactylon were showed approximately 50% botanical composition five years after cool-season turfgrass overseeding. And, those three warm-season turfgrass mixtures showed approximately 20% visual ratings in winter period. Fertilization in early spring and late autumn had made cool-season turfgrass dominated in mixtures. Therefore, fertilization times in warm-season and cool-season turfgrass mixtures was desirable in summer period.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2 s.112
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• pp.160-180
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• 2005

Long-term data (Ministry of Environment Water Quality Monitoring data) of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) and water quality were analyzed to investigate trends in biomass of the primary producers and water quality for the estuarine systems in Korea: Sumjin River, Han River, Asan Lake- Bay, Youngsan River, Keum River and Nakdong River. The literatures were also reviewed to examine the characteristics of phytoplankton biomass and water quality in the estuarine systems. The Sumjin River estuary, the single estuary without a dike in Korea showed the characteristics similar to other typical estuarine systems. Phytoplankton biomass was high during the fall at transitional regions (5 ${\sim}$ 15 psu) after riverine freshwater inputs were increased in summer. Concentrations of the nitrate and silicate were increased with the high river discharge rates. Phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentrations were high during spring at the lower regions in the Han River whereas phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentrations were high during spring at the upper regions in the Youngsan River. Phytoplankton biomass was the highest in the Asan Lake and nutrient concentrations were high at the upper region of the lake. In Nakdong River, phytoplankton biomass was high during winter and the biomass was slightly higher at upper region than at lower region. Long-term trends showed that total nitrogen and total phosphorus were mostly increased in the river systems. Implications of these results relevant to the water quality management for the river systems were also discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1660-1664
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• 2007

두만강을 중심으로 한 동북아시아의 환경보호를 위한 우선순위에서 토양보호가 높은 순위로 분류된 적은 거의 없었다. 토양손실에 의한 부정적 효과가 사람들에게 잘 알려져 있지 않으며, 특히 농촌에서 토양 보전의 가치를 이해하거나 토양에서 직접적으로 혜택을 받고 있다고 인식하는 사람들은 극히 일부에 지나지 않는다. 실제 동북아시아에서 토양보호와 관련하여 일관되게 접근해야 할 필요성이 국가 정책에 반영되고 그 결과 토양유실보호법이나 환경보호법 내에서 우선순위의 국가정책으로 도입된 것은 불과 지난 10-20년 사이의 일이다. 따라서 이 지역에서의 토사 유실은 매우 심각하며 이로 인해 많은 분제점이 발생하고 있는 것은 당연하다. 수자원과 토지 자원을 잘 보전하고, 물과 토양의 침식을 제어하면서 생태계를 보호하는 것은 두만강 유역에 있는 연안 국가의 현대화를 위한 기초이자 장기 전략과제이다. 대상 지역에서, 토양의 침식형태는 주로 수리적 침식, 바람에 의한 침식, 결빙과 해동에 의한 침식, 산사태, 토석류, 밀도류 및 구릉의 함몰 등이 포함되며 이중 수리적 침식과 산사태에 의한 유실이 가장 일반적이다. 두만강 유역에서 자원의 이용 압력이 땅과 물의 퇴화를 유발한다는 증거가 많아지면서, 자연자원을 관리하는 방법에 더 많은 주의를 기울이고 있으나 퇴사량에 대한 근본적 이해 없이는 불가능해 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 토지 이용관리와 토사를 보호하는 방법을 개발하기 위해 토양의 침식에 대한 현재 상태를 상세하게 확인하였으며, 토양의 중요한 기능이 심각한 퇴화 과정으로 인해 위협받고 있다는 인식에 토대를 두고 토양 보호 프로그램을 유도하기 위해 두만강의 유사량을 경험적 방법을 이용하여 추정하였다.포 분석방법으로는 BW관 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 현재까지 국내 외적으로 하천 유사량 산정과 관련된 많은 경험식들이 제시되고 있다. 하지만, 외국의 충적하천에 기초하여 개발되어진 유사량 공식들을 우리나라 하천에 무분별하게 적용하는 것은 위험스러우며, 유사량 산정 결과의 신뢰성을 높이기 위해서는 무엇보다 우리나라 하천의 지형, 수리, 수문학적 요소들이 유사 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아야 한다. 그러므로, 본 연구에서는 실측을 통한 유사량 값을 하천의 지형, 수리, 수문학적 요소들과 비교 분석하여우리나라 하천에 맞는 유사특성을 알아보고, 기타 총유사량산정 공식을 이용하여 실측한 유사량과 비교 분석하고자 한다.호강유역의 급격한 수질개선을 알 수 있다.世宗實錄) $\ulcorner$지리지$\lrcorner$(地理志)와 동년대에 동일한 목적으로 찬술되었음을 알 수 있다. $\ulcorner$경상도실록지리지$\lrcorner$(慶尙道實錄地理志)에는 $\ulcorner$세종실록$\lrcorner$(世宗實錄) $\ulcorner$지리지$\lrcorner$(地理志)와의 비교를 해보면 상 중 하품의 통합 9개소가 삭제되어 있고, $\ulcorner$동국여지승람$\lrcorner$(東國與地勝覽) 에서는 자기소와 도기소의 위치가 완전히 삭제되어 있다. 이러한 현상은 첫째, 15세기 중엽 경제적 태평과 함께 백자의 수요 생산이 증가하자 군신의 변별(辨別)과 사치를 이유로 강력하게 규제하여 백자의 확대와 발전에 걸림돌이

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.116-127
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• 2013

At weekly intervals, we monitored continuous changes in water quality by constructed floating wetland equipped with the four different filter media (sponge, volcanic stone, activated carbon and magnesium hydroxide) in a eutrophic lake from March 2011 to May 2012. We also investigated phyto- and zooplankton communities both in the influent and the effluent water through the floating wetland. Over a 10-month time period, average turbidity (66%), suspended solids (79%) and chlorophyll-a (80%) concentrations were remarkably reduced in the effluent water compared to the influent (P<0.001). The average removal rates of $NO_2-N$ and $NH_3-N$ were 24% and 20%, respectively (P<0.05). The average removal rates of $NO_3-N$ and TN were less than 10% (P>0.05). On the other hand, the average removal rates of $PO_4-P$ and TP were more than 65% (P<0.01). Interestingly, the abundance of phytoplankton in the effluent was decreased about 2.6 times compared to that of the influent, whereas the abundance of zooplankton in the effluent was increased about 3.5 times compared to that of the influent. Overall, particulate matters (SS, Chl-a and TP) and dissolved nutrients ($NO_2-N$, $NH_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$) were particularly reduced at high rates. Therefore, application of our constructed floating wetland in a eutrophic lake improved the water quality and demonstrated a potential for algal bloom mitigation.