• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.485-489
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• 2001

Background: The most important factor in preventing sternal complications is stable sternal approximation. We have tried to find the most effective sternal closure method by examining the incidence of sternal dehiscence with or without infection in patients with cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. Material and Method: This study was performed in 489 patients over 45 years of age with median sternotomy for open cardiac surgery. Simple closure with interrupted 6 wires was performed in 159 patients, figure-of-8 closure technique in 119, overlapping interrupted closure using 10 wires in 150, and combined closure technique of interrupted simple closure and figure-of-8 suture closure in 61. Two hundred thirty-four patients underwent valve and aortic operations and 213 patients coronary artery bypass surgery. Result: Sternal dehiscence with or without infection occurred in 12 (2.5 %) patients. The complication developed in 5 of 159 patients (3.1%) with six interrupted simple closure, in 4 of 119 patients (3.4%) with figure-of-8 closure, and in 3 of 150 patients (2.0%) with overlapping interrupted closure using 10 wires, but there was no complication in 61 patients with combined closure technique (relative risk for other closure techniques, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of the sternal complication between valve and aortic operation group and coronary artery bypass group (3.0% vs 2.3%, not significant), but diabetes mellitus was a significant independent risk factor (odds ratio and multivariate analysis, p<0.05). Conclusion: The sternal closure technique that combines simple interrupted suture closure and figure-of-8 suture closure may be a more useful technique to enhance sternal stabilization compared to other closure techniques, such as simple interrupted closure, 8-figure closure, and overlapping interrupted closure.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2007

Microorganisms participate in a variety of geochemical processes such as weathering and formation of minerals, leaching of precious metals from minerals, and cycling of organic matter The objective of this study was to investigate biogeochemical processes of iron leaching from magnetite ore by iron-reducing bacteria isolated from intertidal flat sediments, southwestern part of Korea. Microbial iron leaching experiments were performed using magnetite ore, Shinyemi magnetite ore, in well-defined media with and without bacteria at room temperature for a month. Water soluble Fe and Mn during the leaching experiments were determined by ICP analysis of bioleached samples, and the resulting precipitated solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extent of iron leaching from magnetite in the aerobic conditions (Fe = 15 mg/L and Mn = 3.41 mg/L) was lower than that in the anaerobic environments (Fe = 32.8 mg/L and Mn = 5.23 mg/L). The medium pH typically decreased from 8.3 to 7.2 during a month incubation. The Eh of the initial medium decreased from +144.9 mV to -331.7 mV in aerobic environments and from -2.3 mV to -494.6 mV in anaerobic environments upon incubation with the metal reducing microorganisms. The decrease in pH is due to glucose fermentation producing organic acids and $CO_2$. The ability of bacteria to leach soluble iron from crystalline magnetite could have significant implications for biogeochemical processes in sediments where Fe(III) in magnetite represents the largest pool of electron acceptor as well as to use as a novel biotechnology for leaching precious and heavy metals from raw materials.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2006

A filtrate powder, designated as KNF2022, produced from culture broth of Acinetobacter sp. KTB3 was tested for their inhibitory effects on Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection to Nicotiana glutinosa or N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc. When 1/100 dilution with distilled water was treated to the plants and PMMoV was inoculated, the inhibition was estimated to be 94.3 and 95.6%, respectively. The same concentrations of KNF2022 inhibited infections of Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on Chenopodium amaranticolor by 97.1 and 92.5%, respectively. Duration of inhibitory activity of the filtrate powder from Acinetobacter sp. culture broth against PMMoV infection on N. glutinosa was maintained for 2 days at 80% inhibition level, however, the inhibitory effect was diminished from 4 days after treatment to 50% levels. To evaluate inhibitory effects on systemic host plants of the antiviral agent, symptom developments of PMMoV, PepMoV and CMV on KNF2022-treated pepper plants were investigated. Delayed symptom developments until 10 days after inoculation (DAI) were observed for all the three viruses when the viruses were inoculated individually, and these delayed symptom development effects were maintained until 30 DAI in case of PepMoV. Moreover, PepMoV was not detected by RT-PCR and ELISA until 30 DAI. These delayed symptom development effects were diminished in all combinations of three virus co-inoculations due to synergism of three viruses on symptom developments. Inhibitory effect of KNF2022 was verified under electron microscopic examinations using purified virus preparations. Particles of PMMoV and PepMoV were observed on specimens from 5 min after KNF2022 treatment, and the particle sizes were reached in the range of 200-250 nm and 400-600 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the viral particles were destructed and particle sizes were reached in the range of 100-150 nm and 300-500 nm, respectively, on 60 min after treatments. Reduction of local lesion numbers on N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc and C. amaranticolor were accompanied with reduction of virus particle sizes. In the case of CMV destructed particle numbers were also increased according to incubation period after KNF2022 treatment and local lesions on C. amaranticolor were reduced.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.2 no.2 s.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 1994

The geologic structure of Gongju Basin, which is a Cretaceous sedimentary basin located on the boundary of Gyeonggi Massif and Ogcheon Belt, is modeled by using gravity data and interpreted in relation with basin forming tectonism. The electrical survey with dipole-dipole array was also conducted to uncover the development of fractures in the two fault zones which form the boundaries of the basin. In the process of gravity data reduction, the terrain correction was performed by using the conic prism model, which showed better results specially for topography having a steep slope. The gravity model of the geologic structure of Gongju basin is obtained by forward modeling based on the surface geology and density inversion. It reveals that the width of the basin at its central part is about $4{\cal}km$ and about $2.5{\cal}km$ at the southern part. The depth of crystalline basement beneath sedimentary rocks of the basin is about $700{\~}400{\cal}m$ below the sea level and it is thinner in the center than in margin. The fault of the southeastern boundary appears more clearly than that of the northwestern boundary, and its fracture zone may extended to the depth of more than $1{\cal}km$. Therefore, it is thought that the tectonic movement along the fault in the southeastern boundary was much stronger. These results coincide with the appearance of broad low resistivity anomaly at the southeastern boundary of the basin in the resistivity section. The fracture zones having low density are also recognized inside the basin from the gravity model. The swelling feature of basement and the fractures in sedimentary rocks of the basin suggest that the compressional tectonic stress had also involved after the deposition of the Cretaceous sediments.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.2 no.2 s.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 1994

The Cenozoic geological structures and the tectonic evolution of the southern Ulleung Basin were studied with seismic profiles and exploration well data. Basement structure of the Korea Strait is distinctly characterized by normal faults trending northeast to southwest. The normal faults of the basement are most likely related to the initial liking and extensional tectonics of Ulleung Basin. Tsushima fault along the west coast of Tsushima islands runs northeastward to the central Ulleung Basin. The Middle Miocene and older sequences in the Tsushima Strait show folds and faults mostly trending northeast to southwest. These folds and faults may be interpreted as a result of compressional tectonics. The Late Miocene to Qauternary sequences are not much deformed, but numerous faults mostly N-S trending are dominated in the Tsushima Strait. The Ulleung Basin was in intial rifting during Oligocene, and then active extension and subsidence from Early to early Middle Miocene. Therefore SW Japan separated from Korea Peninsula and drifted toward southeast, and Ulleung Basin was formed as a pull-apart basin under dextral transtensional tectonic regime. During rifting and extensional stage, Tsushima fault as a main tectonic line separating SW Japan block from the Korean Peninsula acted as a normal faulting with right-lateral strike-slip motion as SW Japan drifted southeastward. During middle Middle Miocene to early Late Miocene, the opening of Ulleung basin stopped and uplifted due to compressional tectonics. The southwest Japan block converging on the Korean Peninsula caused compressional stress to the southern margin of Ulleung Basin, resulting in strong deformation under sinistral transpressional tectonic regime. Tsushima fault acted as thrust fault with left-lateral strike-slip motion. From middle Late Miocene to Quaternary, the southern margin of Ulleung Basin has been controlled by compressional motion. Thus the Tsushima fault still appears to be an active thrust fault by compressional tectonic regime.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.52
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• pp.9-35
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• 2017

This article is to study the life and philosophy of Jonjae Gidaeseung, who was at strife with his days and did not negotiate with himself, with focus on two concepts of buron(不穩, unrest) and 'sympathy'. It is the fact that to study the traditional philosopher is likely to be enlightening. In order to prevent the risk, we need to define first the concept of unrest as including anxiety to critical resistance. Also, I would like to propose the concept of sympathy in order to grasp the function of his mind which judges whether his feelings and actions are valid from an emotional horizon of unrest. Methodologically this article is to adopt a transversal and correlative thinking by combining an east Asian Confucian traditional concept unrest with a modern one space. It is because this research is to show a significant meaning when we study highlighted and hidden layers of our life and politics in 'now-here' and the 'between space' even though this transversal and correlative study shows the horizon of his life. This article is to investigate how a case is structured by occurrences and divergences and reinterpret a meaning from an emotional horizon. This process is done centering on two terms Guchatuan(pursuing ease ignobly), and Suwolbingho(moon reflected in the water and ice in a bottle), which is the source of Bingwoldang. The two terms were used by Jonjae himself. The latter shows an opposite meaning from the first and is accordingly a way by which we can look into his life and days. My research of Jonjae's life and politics from the emotional-philosophical level is original in that it reveals emotional traces beyond his philosophical ideas which previous studies did not show. In this article, I showed that Gobong was ambitious and resolute, and definite in his judgment and therefore was not good at controlling his uprightness. Also he was too straightforward to purify a language. His unrest characters made him conflict with old ministers and high ranking officials and therefore they avoided him even thought he was excellent in writing and learning and talented. He was oriented toward living by goodness and right Ways, which is summed up as Gisesa(vague movement, situational advantage, and death).

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 2009

In this study, antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of egg yolk mayonnaise and soy milk mayonnaise containing soybean paste powder were assessed. The mayonnaise with egg yolk as an emulsifier is E group according to the amount of soybean paste powder addition of 0% (E1), 3% (E2), 6% (E3) and mayonnaise with soy milk as an emulsifier is S group with soybean paste powder addition of 0% (S1), 3% (S2), 6% (S3). Total phenol content and electron donating ability of mayonnaise were increased as the amount of the soybean paste powder increased. L value of Hunter's color was decreased, but a value and b value were increased as the amount of the soybean paste powder increased. Soy milk mayonnaise showed very low cholesterol content than egg yolk mayonnaise. In sensory evaluation, S2 received the highest scores for flavor, overall taste and preference. Base on these results, soybean paste powder showed significant antioxidant activity in mayonnaise and cholesterol content was successfully decreased in soy milk mayonnaise compared to egg yolk mayonnaise. The soy milk mayonnaise with soybean paste powder will be a possible model to introduce our traditional food to the worldwide food item, such as mayonnaise.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.41
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• pp.261-302
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• 2011

A lien is the right to possession the thing until receiving repayment of its bonds in some cases that the property of other person or the occupant for marketable securities receive the bond that has occurred on that property or marketable securities. This has own purpose to break 'principle of creditor equality' to protect especially the bond of the subject occupant in terms of justice. These lien on our civil law come according to the law in prepared certain requirements. However, an incomplete real rights granted by way of security that does not have a preferential performance right or seniority on the exchange value of the object suffer from the problems a lot in the real estate auction process because of the feature that is not announced in the register unlike the mortgage. In addition, the lien of real estate is not lapsed in an auction process. There is no preferential performance righ in a positive law as providing that can oppose to the buyer(a successful bidder) until received repayment the secured bond price to be compliant with the lien(Civil Case Execution Law the 91st clause of Article 5). However, as asserted the super preferential performance righ to a buyer in real terms, acts as primary cause of breaking unexpected loss and according unfair law relation to a senior mortgagee and seizor, etc. and the principles of the creditors equality to the persons concerned in other words, the principles of justice. All of these issues are the establishment of the lien and theory conflict on the effects. In spite of the fluctuations of a real right about real estate is announced as a registration by the current law, only the lien come into unclear announcement means for possession. In addition, Civil Case Execution Law argument is caused by the adoption abernahmeprinzip about the lien (Civil Case Execution Law the 91st clause of Article 5). Therefore, this paper was examined briefly the significance and purpose, history and law-making examples of each country and the valid requirements and effect of the lien that is basic principle of law about the lien system above all. And then, it will be reviewed the improvement plan for de lege ferenda to improve the issues about this after reviewing the objection, theory and judicial precedent about opposing power and preferential performance right of the lien in the real estaKey Words : Lien, Oppose Power, Mortgage right, Preferential Performance right, Seizure, Real Estate Auction, Lien who can not Opposing against Successful Bidder, Lien who can Oppose against Successful Bidder, Possessionte auction that is a fundamental problem on requirement and effect of the lien.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1994

We present petrography, mode and chemistry data for Fe-Ti oxide minerals from the Mesozoic granitoids in South Korea. Magnetites from the Daebo Uurassic) granites are nearly pure $Fe_3O_4$, while those from the Bulgugsa (Cretaceous) granites contain considerable amounts of Mn and Ti. This is probably related to rapid cooling of the Bulgugsa granites compared with slow cooling of Daebo granites, which is supported by geologic relations and hornblende geobarometry results of Cho and Kwon (1994) on the emplacement depth for these granites. The composition of ilmenite does not shew appreciable difference between the Daebo and Bulgugsa granites. However, $Fe_2O_3$ contents are higher for the ilmenites coexisting with magnetite than for those without magnetite. In the temperature vs. oxygen fugacity diagram, the Bulgugsa granites plot near Ni-NiO and QFM buffer curves, although only two samples show greater than the granite solidus temperature. The mode data suggest that both magnetite- and ilmenite-series exist in Daebo and Bulgusa granites from the Kyonggi massif, Ogcheon belt and Youngnam massif, while only magnetite-series exists in Bulgugsa granites from the Kyongsang basin. Many ilmenite-series granites occur in the Ogcheon belt, which might be related to assimilation of carboniferous sediments in the belt. The proportion (44 : 56) between ilmenite- and magnetite-series for the Daebo granites is significantly different from that of Ishihara et al. (1981) who showed, using magnetic susceptibility data, predominance of ilmenite-series (more than 70%) for the Daebo granites, which can be mainly attributed to preference in sampling and to wrong assignment of age for some plutons. We also found magnetite in weakly-magnetized Kanghwa granite which was formerly classified as ilmenite-series by Ishihara et al. (1981). The proportion of ilmenite-series increases in the order of hornblende biotite granite, biotite granite and two mica granite. We conclude from these observations that the ilmeniteseries granites might have originated from contamination of carboniferous crustal material and/or such source material.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.264-277
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• 2021

This study analyzed the relationship between the total precipitable water vapor in the atmosphere and the moving speed of recent typhoons. This study used ground observation data of air temperature, precipitation, and wind speed from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) as well as total rainfall data and Red-Green-Blue (RGB) composite images from the U.S. Meteorological and Satellite Research Institute and the KMA's Cheollian Satellite 2A (GEO-KOMPSAT-2A). Using the typhoon location and moving speed data provided by the KMA, we compared the moving speeds of typhoon Bavi, Maysak, and Haishen from 2020, typhoon Tapah from 2019, and typhoon Kong-rey from 2018 with the average typhoon speed by latitude. Tapah and Kong-rey moved at average speed with changing latitude, while Bavi and Maysak showed a significant decrease in moving speed between approximately 25°N and 30°N. This is because a water vapor band in the atmosphere in front of these two typhoons induced frontogenesis and prevented their movement. In other words, when the water vapor band generated by the low-level jet causes frontogenesis in front of the moving typhoon, the high pressure area located between the site of frontogenesis and the typhoon develops further, inducing as a blocking effect. Together with the tropical night phenomenon, this slows the typhoon. Bavi and Maysak were accompanied by copious atmospheric water vapor; consequently, a water vapor band along the low-level jet induced frontogenesis. Then, the downdraft of the high pressure between the frontogenesis and the typhoon caused the tropical night phenomenon. Finally, strong winds and heavy rains occurred in succession once the typhoon landed.