• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2015

In this research, we applied a procedure of quality control (QC) to the agro-meteorological data measured at the Suwon weather station of Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The QC was conducted through six steps based on the KMA Real-time Quality control system for Meteorological Observation Data (RQMOD) and four steps based on the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) QC modules. In addition, we set up our own empirical method to remove erroneous data which could not be filtered by the RQMOD and ISMN methods. After all these QC procedures, a well-refined agro-meteorological dataset was complied at both air and soil temperatures. Our research suggests that soil moisture requires more detailed and reliable grounds to remove doubtful data, especially in winter with its abnormal variations. The raw data and the data after QC are now available at the NCAM website (http://ncam.kr/page/req/agri_weather.php).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.305-310
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to calculate delay damages for contractors. The study has been performed by investigation of delay cost occurrence status and the analysis of subway construction cases. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Delay cost( 1day) equivalent to $0.005\%$ of total construction cost by analysis case studies. 2. Including bank interest, dealy cost is analysed as the following; $1.1\~9.2\%$ of total construction cost in part extension period, $3.3\~11.0\%$ of total construction cost in total extension period. 3. In comparison between liquidated damages and delay cost, liquidated damages account for average 20.1 times of delay costs. 4. Acceleration cost will be calculate on the basis of delay cost calculation method. In the result of this method, acceleration cost is equal to delay cost at least or must be large than delay cost

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2003

Purpose : A new virtual simulation technique for craniospinal irradiation (CSI) that uses a CT-simulator was developed to improve the accuracy of field and shielding placement as well as patient positioning. Materials and Methods : A CT simulator (CT-SIM) and a 3-D conformal radiation treatment planning system (3D-CRT) were used to develop CSI. The head and neck were immobilized with a thermoplastic mask while the rest of the body was immobilized with a Vac-Loc. A volumetric image was then obtained with the CT simulator. In order to improve the reproducibility of the setup, datum lines and points were marked on the head and body. Virtual fluoroscopy was performed with the removal of visual obstacles, such as the treatment table or immobilization devices. After virtual simulation, the treatment isocenters of each field were marked on the body and on the immobilization devices at the conventional simulation room. Each treatment fields was confirmed by comparing the fluoroscopy images with the digitally reconstructed radiography (DRR) and digitally composited radiography (DCR) images from virtual simulation. Port verification films from the first treatment were also compared with the DRR/DCR images for geometric verification. Results : We successfully performed virtual simulations on 11 CSI patients by CT-SIM. It took less than 20 minutes to affix the immobilization devices and to obtain the volumetric images of the entire body. In the absence of the patient, virtual simulation of all fields took 20 min. The DRRs were in agreement with simulation films to within 5 mm. This not only reducee inconveniences to the patients, but also eliminated position-shift variables attendant during the long conventional simulation process. In addition, by obtaining CT volumetric image, critical organs, such as the eyes and the spinal cord, were better defined, and the accuracy of the port designs and shielding was improved. Differences between the DRRs and the portal films were less than 3 m in the vertebral contour. Conclusion : Our analysis showed that CT simulation of craniospinal fields was accurate. In addition, CT simulation reduced the duration of the patient's immobility. During the planning process. This technique can improve accuracy in field placement and shielding by using three-dimensional CT-aided localization of critical and target structures. Overall, it has improved staff efficiency and resource utilization by standard protocol for craniospinal irradiation.

• Clean Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration levels, distribution characteristics and blood concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at ambient air in Industrial Complex Area. The samples were collected at 4 sites in Industrial Complex Area and its vicinities. The result indicated that there was the difference of PAHs concentration as followed local characteristics. The level of average concentration of PAHs in the air in Industrial Complex Area was $14.52{\sim}193.48ng/m^3$. The level of average concentration of six materials with possibility of cancer creation was $1.65{\sim}13.44ng/m^3$. The concentrations of PAHs were generally low, but Jechul-dong is considered an area where consistent monitoring of PAHs is required. In addition, benzo(a)pyrene was detected in every atmospheric sample, however the concentration was not high. The level of concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the air in the Jechul-dong was $2.89ng/m^3$. But, the concentration of the PAHs in Jechul-dong showed that the Benzo(a)pyrene concentration is above $1ng/m^3$ of air quality standard(EU). The results of the concentration level of PAHs in the blood from 240 persons who were exposed directly were surveyed, it was $1.12{\sim}11.45ng/m^3$ for man and $1.20{\sim}26.89ng/m^3$ for woman. It was indicated that the difference between the genders was very little. The accumulation inside human was anticipated as the PAHs concentration in the blood for the aged was very high. Industrial Complex Area and its vicinities are an area which has been greatly influenced by PAHs and environmental contaminants. It is necessary to control the emission sources of PAHs and to construct an observation system at Industrial Complex Area from now on. It is time to reduce the risk factors for health and environmental disease to protect the health of resident in Industrial Complex Area and its vicinities.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.401-410
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the opimum media, media amount and planting density of nutri-culture for the high quality and yield of wild vegetable, Liguliaria fischeri Turez. The fried rice hull was recognized best media among perlite, sand and fried rice hull for nutri-culture of Ligularia fischeri Turcz. The yield on fried rice hull media at early growing stage was lower, but higher than in other media at late growing stage. Therefore, total yield in fried rice hull media was 15-29% higher than that of the existing perlite media. Growth and yield of Ligularia fischeri Turcz. were not significantly different between medium amounts, therefore considering economical efficiency and stability, the optimum medium amount was 105 $\iota/m^3$, Yield by planting density increased in the high density and 50 plants/$m^2$ was considered as proper planting density in nutri-culture of Liguliaria fishcheri Turcz.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-77
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• 2007

목 적 : 본 연구(硏究)는 수소양삼초경근(手少陽三焦頸筋)의 이론적(理綸的) 근거(根據)를 해부학적(解剖學的)으로 제공(提供)하고 임상(臨床)에 경근(經筋)의 정확(正確)한 적용(適用)을 위함이다. 방 법 : Cadaver에 경근(經筋)을 표시(表示)하고 각각(各各)의경 경혈부위(經穴部位)에 표식(標識)와 pore 작업을 수행하고 각 경혈부(經穴部)를 피부(皮膚), 근막(筋膜), 그리고 근육(筋肉)의 천층(淺層), 중문층(中問層), 그리고 심층부(深層部)를 순서적(順序的)으로 해부(解剖)하여 근육(筋肉), 신경(神經), 혈관(血管) 등을 관찰(觀察)한다. 결 과 및 결 론 : 수소양삼초경근(手少陽三焦經筋)의 해부학적(解剖學的) 고찰(考察) 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 근(筋) 육(肉) : 천층에 근막(TE1), 근막확장대(TE2), 근막과 근간결합(TE3), 근막과 신근지대(TE4), 근막과총지신근건(TE5), 근막및 총지신근과 소지신근간(TE6), 근막과 소지신근(TE7), 총지신근(TE8), 척측수근신근과 소지신근간(TE9), 상완삼두근건(TE10, 11), 상완삼두근(TE12), 삼각근(TE13), 삼각근및 극하근과 극상근간(TE14). 승모근(TE15), 흉쇄유돌근(TE-16, 17, 18), 후이개근(TE19, 22), 상이개근(TE20), 전이개근및 이하선근막(TE21), 안륜근(TE23), 중층에 소지신근건과 총지신근건간(TE4), 측두근막과 측두근(TE2O, 22, 23), 심층에 배측골간근(TE3), 시지신근과 골간막(TE5) 장모지신근(TE6), 시지신근(TE7), 장지신근과 장모지외전근간(TE8, 9), 상완삼두근(TE13), 견갑거근(TE15), 두판상근(TE16), 경상설골근과 하악이복근간(TE17) , 이복근(TE18) .2) 신(神) 경(經) : 천층에 척골신경의 배측지(TE1, 2, 3), 후전완피신경(TE4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11), 내측전완피신경(TE5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), 후상완피신경(TE12, 13), 상외측상완피신경(TE13), 외측쇄골상신경(TE14, 15),대이개신경(TE16, 17, 18, 19), 소후두신경(TE19, 20), 이개측두신경(TE20, 21, 22), 안면신경측두지(TE22, 23), 관골측두신경(TE23), 중층에 견갑상신경(TE15), 견갑배신경(TE15), 경상설골근신경(TE17), 후이개신경(TE18, 19, 20), 안면신경측두지(TE20, 21, 22), 심층에 후골간신경(TE5, 6, 7), 요골신경심지(TE8, 9, 12, 13), 견갑상신경(TE14), 액와신경가지(TE14), 부신경(TE16), 안면신경과 부신경가지(TE17), 설인신경(TE17), 설하신경(TE17), 경신경고리(TE17), 미주신경(TE17), 안면신경 (TE18). 3) 혈(血) 관(管) : 천층에 척측정맥배측지(TE1, 2), 고유수장지동맥배측지(TE1), 배측중수골동맥배측지(TE2), 배측중수골정맥(TE3), 척측피정맥(TE4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), 배측정맥궁(TE4), 부요측피정맥(TE6, 8, 9),요측피정맥(TE10, 11), 후견봉정맥가지(TE13, 14), 후이개동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE16, 17, 18, 19, 20), 전이개동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE20), 천측두동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE22, 23), 중층에 후상완회선동맥(TE14), 견갑배동맥(TE15), 견갑상동맥(TE15),천측두동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE21), 관골측두동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE23), 심층에 배측중수골동맥(TE3), 배측수근동맥궁(TE4), 후골간동맥(TE4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), 전골간동맥(TE6, 7, 9), 심상완동맥(TE10, 11), 상완동맥측부지(TE10, 11), 중간 측부동맥(TE12), 요측측부동맥(TE12), 심상완동맥가지(TE13), 후상완회선동맥(TE13), 견갑상동맥(TE14), 후두동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE16, 17), 내경정맥(TE17). 결 론 : 1. 수소양삼초경근(手少陽三焦經筋)은 근육(筋肉), 그리고 관련(關聯) 신경(神經), 혈관(血管)으로 구성된다. 2. 본 연구(硏究)는 경근(經筋)에 관한 기존(旣存)의 연구(硏究)와 비교(比較)하여 볼 때에 경근(經筋)의 구성요소(構成要素)에 있어서 약간(若干)의 차이(差異)를 보여준다. 3. 해부학적(解剖學的) 연구결동(硏究結東), 경근(經筋) 근육(筋肉)을 지배(支配)하는 신경(神經)${\cdot}$혈관(血管)의 개념(槪念)과 경근(經筋)을 스쳐 지나가는 신경(神經)${\cdot}$혈관(血管)의 개념(槪念)은 구분(區分)된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.345-350
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• 2012

To investigate the exposure and health risk assessment for the residents near the D-asbestos mine in Chungbuk, Korea. We analyzed asbestos in the 20 ambient air and 23 activity based samples near the mine. The airborne sample results are showed that 8 of 20 samples ranged between 0.0025 to 0.0029 f/cc (fiber per cubic centimeter) and the others were below the detection limit by phase contrast microscopy (PCM). In addition, asbestos fibers were under the detection limit or not being by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on interview and survey targeting the local residents, we made the activity based sampling (ABS) scenarios fit to the conditions of field. At the same time, we calculated the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of these ABS scenarios according to the ELCR average value and 95% upper confidence limit (UCL). At the case of weed whacking, soil digging and sweeping yard scenario, 95% UCL of ELCR exceeded the $1{\times}10^{-4}$, acceptable risk range for exposure. Based on our study results, it is necessary safety measures such as risk communication, abatement or management of naturally occurring asbestos (NOA).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.134-147
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the functional unit system of NCS landscape field for correction and supplementation of NCS landscape field and the contents of the four-year college landscape course subject. First, 24 unconsolidated four-year universities were selected, and FGI was conducted and verified for 816 courses in 24 universities. The results of the study are summarized as follows, with three sections three, nine divisions and 65 sub-category. First, landscape design subjects accounted for 40.0% of the subjects organized by four-year universities. In addition, the ratio of 12.9% for ecological landscape, 11.3% for landscape construction, 10.2% for others, 10.0% for landscape information, 6.6% for landscape culture and 3.7% for landscape management was surveyed. Balanced and efficient modification and reinforcement of NCS is required in the future. Second, 10(18.9%) units with matching NCS performance criteria and educational objectives were found to be capable of different units(18.9%), 15(28.3%), and 37subjects with inconsistent NCS unit capability (56.9%). Third, looking at the criteria for the reference of each unit of capability presented by the NCS, it is deemed that one unit of capability should be organized separately to improve the practical ability, since it includes the contents of basic knowledge learning. Fourth, the objectives pursued on the basis of the contents of the NCS capability unit and four-year college curriculum were developed by focusing on the development of unit capabilities in the field of landscape construction and landscape management compared to the field of landscape design. It has been shown that a balance is needed for future development. This study is intended to put forward further research that re-examine specific curriculum assessment criteria that have not been classified in the course of classifications based on the curriculum handbook, which excludes interferences from each school.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.279-290
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• 2006

The borehole radar methods used to tunnel detection are mainly classified into borehole radar reflection, directional antenna, crosshole scanning, and radar tomography methods. In this study, we have investigated the feasibility and limitation of each method to tunnel detection through case studies. In the borehole radar reflection data, there were much more clear diffraction signals of the upper wings than lower wings of the hyperbolas reflected from the tunnel, and their upper and lower wings were spreaded out to more than 10m higher and lower traces from the peaks of the hyperbolas. As the ratio of borehole diameter to antenna length increases, the ringing gets stronger on the data due to the increase in the impedance mismatching between antennas and water in the boreholes. It is also found that the reflection signals from the tunnel could be enhanced using the optimal offset distance between transmitter and receiver antennas. Nevertheless, the borehole radar reflection data could not provide directional information of the reflectors in the subsurface. Direction finding antenna system had a advantage to take a three dimensional location of a tunnel with only one borehole survey even though the cost is still very high and it required very high expertise. The data from crosshole scanning could be a good indicator for tunnel detection and it could give more reliable result when the borehole radar reflection survey is carried out together. The images of the subsurface also can be reconstructed using travel time tomography which could provide the physical property of the medium and would be effective for imaging the underground structure such as tunnels. Based on the results described above, we suggest a cost-effective field procedure for detection of a tunnel using borehole radar techniques; borehole radar reflection survey using dipole antenna can firstly be applied to pick up anomalous regions within the borehole, and crosshole scanning or reflection survey using directional antenna can then be applied only to the anomalous regions to detect the tunnel.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.90-91
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• 2010

우리나라는 산업화와 도시화의 급속한 발전으로 인한 대기오염물질배출시설, 자동차 통행량, 에너지 사용량의 증가 등으로 대기오염물질배출원의 수와 규모가 증대되어 광역도시를 중심으로 대기질이 악화되고 있다. 특히 우리나라의 수도권대기질은 선진국의 주요 도시에 비해 대기오염 상태가 좋지 않은 것으로 평가됨에 따라 정부는 대기질을 OECD선진국 수준으로 개선한다는 목표를 세우고 있으나, 지역의 대기상태 및 그 동안의 대기질 개선을 위해 이행된 정책의 효율성 측면에서 볼 때 사후적인 규제위주의 농도규제 방식으로는 급증하는 대기오염배출시설의 배출량총량 관리가 어렵고, 지자체별로 개별적인 분산관리로는 광역적으로 이동되는 대기오염물질의 관리가 불가능하다. 또한 대기오염과 상관성이 큰 에너지정책, 산업정책, 도시계획 등 관련 정책과의 통합적 접근이 어렵기 때문에 사전에 이를 예방하는 총량관리가 요구되어 진다. 총량규제란 특정지역의 기상, 지형조건 등을 이용하여 대기환경용량을 산출하고 이를 기초로 지역별 배출허용총량을 할당하여 궁극적으로는 오염원별로 대상오염물질의 삭감량을 정하는 제도로 선진국에서는 대기환경용량을 바탕으로 1970년대부터 사업장을 중심으로 배출농도 규제와 함께 총량규제를 병행 실시하고 있으며, 최근에는 자동차에도 실시하고 있다. 우리나라에서도 대기환경보전법 제9조에서 환경기준을 초과하여 사람의 건강이나 재산, 동식물의 생육에 중대한 위해를 가져올 우려가 있다고 인정되는 경우에는 동 지역 또는 특별대책지역 중 사업장이 밀집되어 있는 구역에 대하여 배출되는 오염물질을 총량으로 규제할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 또한, 환경부는 2003년도에 서울, 인천, 경기도내 19개시 지역을 대상으로 대기오염물질의 배출총량을 관리하는 대기오염총량제 실시를 포함한 '수도권대기질개선에관한특별법'을 제정하였고, 현재는 사업장에게 연도별 배출허용총량을 할당하고, 할당량 이내로 오염물질을 배출하도록 관리하는 사업장 대기오염물질총량관리 제도로 시행 중에 있다. 그러나 수도권대기질개선특별대책을 수립하면서 총량관리의 본격 이행 및 배출권 거래제도 도입에 대한 특별법안이 제정되고 부분적으로 시행되고 있으나, 우리나라에 총량관리를 본격 이행하는데 있어서의 필요한 준비여건은 아직 초기 단계이고, 관련 연구의 수행실적 또한 수도권에 제한되어 적은 편이다. 따라서 현재는 총량관리가 수도권에 국한하여 실시되고 있으나, 점차 타 도시까지 광역적으로 확대될 것으로 예상되는 바 이에 필요한 제반 사항들에 대한 조사 분석을 통하여 정책방향을 설정하는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것이다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구에서는 대구지역을 대상으로 대기오염농도 및 대기오염물질 배출량에 대한 현황조사를 실시하고, 이를 토대로 고농도가 자주 발생되거나 그러할 가능성이 높은 $NO_X$을 대상으로 대기오염기여도를 평가하고 대기확산모델을 통한 대기환경용량을 산정하였다. 대기오염농도 현황을 살펴본 결과, 대구지역의 대기오염은 $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO는 전형적인 1차오염물질의 변화경향을 보였으며, $PM_{10}$는 봄철에 황사의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 나타나 실제 대구지역에서 배출되는 양을 추정하기 힘든 것으로 판단된다. 또한 $NO_2$는 공업, 상업지역에서 $SO_2$와 $PM_{10}$는 공업지역, CO는 상업지역, $O_3$은 교외지역에서 높은 농도를 나타내는 것으로 파악되었다. 대구지역의 대기오염물질 배출량 현황은 CO가 47%, NOX가 43%로 전체 배출량의 90%를 차지하였고, 2005년 이후 $NO_X$는 감소하고 $SO_X$가 증가하는 추세이다. 또한 배출원대분류 중도로 및 비도로이동오염원에서 발생되는 선 오염원이 75%로 대구지역에서 가장 크게 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. ISCST3 대기확산모델을 이용하여 대기환경용량을 산정하기위하여, 먼저 대구지역의 대기환경용량평가는 가시적인 위해성이 높고 개선정책이 용이한 $NO_X$을 대상물질로 선정하였고, 배출량과 오염농도간의 상관도가 0.659로 높은 것으로 판단되어, 배출량을 삭감하였을 때 대기오염농도의 개선이 명확히 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로, 단위격자 당 한계배출율을 알아내는 작업을 실시하여, 대구지역을 동일하게 장기환경기준 80%수준인 22.4ppb를 만족시키기 위한 한계배출율은 2.23g/s가 필요한 것으로 파악되었고, 산출한 한계배출율을 이용하여 장기환경기준치 80%수준 달성을 목표로 하는 경우의 대기환경용량을 산정하고 실제 배출량과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 대구지역 전체의 환경용량은 약 3만 톤으로 실제 배출량 2만2천 톤에 약 8천 톤 이상의 여유가 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 그러나 구역별로 상이한 차이를 보였으며, 이에 따른 구역별 개선정책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 대기환경용량을 파악한 후 단위격자 당 한계배출율을 초과하는 대상 지역을 추출하여 삭감한 결과 초과배출량의 80%를 삭감해야 대구지역 전체에서 50ppb이하 농도가 되는 것을 알 수 있었는데, 실제로 초과배출량의 80%를 삭감하는 것은 어려움이 있다고 판단되어, 대구지역을 동일한 %율로 삭감한 결과 30% 삭감했을 때 50ppb수준을 달성하였고, 50%삭감했을때 2007년 환경기준인 30ppb수준을 달성하였다. 또한 배출원대분류 중 기여율이 높은 도로와 비도로오염원을 50%삭감한 결과 도로이동오염원의 삭감만으로도 상당한 고 배출지역의 농도저감에 효과가 있는 것으로 파악되고, 비도로오염원을 포함하여 삭감하였을 때는 대구지역 전체에서 50ppb이하로 내려가는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서 향후 총량규제의 실시에 맞추어 대구지역의 실제적인 환경용량의 정확한 파악과 고배출지역에 대한 삭감방법에 관한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다. 이 연구 결과는 앞으로 시행될 지역총량규제에 대한 기초적인 방법론으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.