• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2005

This study described the phonology and reproductive potential of four species of Korean seagrasses, Zostera caespitosa, Z. caulescem, Z. Japonica and Z. marina. Z. caespitosa and Z. caulescens sampled from a mixed stand at the subtidal area of Yulpo Bay, Geojedo of the South Sea of Korea in November 2002 and August 2003. Z japonica and Z. marina occurred at the depth between the middle intertidal and shallow subtidal (<1m below mean sea level) of Seungbongdo (in Yellow Sea) samples collected in February and October 2003. The sexual reproductive phase of the four Zostera species was apparently different in timing of flowering, reproductive period, fruiting and seed maturing. Z. caespitosa flowered from February to early May $(10-16^{\circ}C)$, and its seed production completed in early May. The reproductive shoots of Z. caulescens began to appear in January $(9^{\circ}C)$, and its flowering followed from February to June $(10-19^{\circ}C)$. The flowers of Z. japonica were observed from July to September $(18-22^{\circ}C)$, and its seeds matured from August to September. The most commonly I marina flowered from April to August $(7-21^{\circ}C)$ and developed into seeds in July. Z. caulescens, the largest plant, had the highest number of seeds per shoot and longest spadix length. Z. marina, which was intermediate In size, recorded the highest reproductive potential. The study indicates that the reproductive phase and potential of the four species of seagrass from Korea are highly related to water temperature, and the populations of these species show a perennial lifespan with a low sexual reproductive input.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.550-558
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• 2012

The naturalized plant species in Gyeongju National Park was summarized as 46 taxa including 14 families 40 genus 45 species 1 varieties. Among them, annual herbaceous species was 17 taxa (37%) which is grouped as the biggest proportion and 16 taxa (34.8%) for perennial herbaceous species and 11 taxa (23.9%) for biannual herbaceous species and 2 taxa(4.3%) for tree species. European origin was the biggest proportion as 17 taxa (37%), and 16% (34.8%) from North America. The degree of naturalization (DoN) was the biggest for Degree III, V as 18 taxa (39.1%). Regarding 321 naturalized plant species, the Urbanization Index in the studied area was 14.3%. The Namsam District showed 8.1% which is the highest DoN in the studied districts within the Gyeongju National Park. As the cultural properties is important in the Gyeongju National Park as a representatives for historical sites in Korea, planting and its management in the cultural properties is important tasks. The naturalized plant species in the studied area should be reasonably management.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.492-496
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to obtain the maximum quantity of essential oil on the basis of harvesting time, cultivation regions & types, and drying methods. We have selected 6 native and introduced herbs viz. $Thymus$ $quinquecostatus$, $Agastache$ $rugosa$, $Chrysanthemum$ $indicum$, $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$, $Chamaemelum$ $nobile$, and $Lavandula$ $stoechas$. The quantity of essential oil ranged from 0.06% to 3.46% in all six herbs. Native herbs produce 30.5% higher quantity of oil in comparison to introduced herbs. The quantity of essential oil obtained from $Lavandula$ $stoechas$ was 3.46%, followed by $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$ 2.89%, while minimum in $Agastache$ $rugosa$ 0.60%. Higher quantity of essential oil obtained if they are cultivated under rain shelter culture (PE film) in comparison to open field conditions. Recovery of essential oil is always high if herbs flower in July. Semi-alpine region was found better than the plain region for herbs production. Quantity of oil is high if oil is extracted from fresh herbs followed by freezed herbs, shade dry and hot wind dry herbs. As far as plant part is concern flower produced maximum oil than any other part.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.248-257
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• 2006

Total naturalized plant species in the streams of Jeonju were listed as 109 taxa; 24 families, 75 genera, 106 species, 3 varieties. Dividing by stream, Jeonju stream has 75 taxa; 20 families, 55 genera, 73 species, 2 varieties. Samcheon stream has 86 taxa; 19 families, 64 genera, 84 species, 2 varieties. Soyang stream has 80 taxa; 21 families, 60 genera, 77 species, 3 varieties. Urbanization Index (UI) of total streams (109 taxa) was 40.2%. UI was 27.7% in Jeonju stream (75 taxa), 31.7% in Samcheon stream (86 taxa), 29.5% in Soyang stream (80 taxa). Dividing by degree of naturalization classification, 25 taxa (9.2%) were found in class 5, 17 taxa (6.2%) in class 4, 32 taxa (11.8%) in class 3, 27 taxa (9.9%) in class 2 and 8 taxa (2.9%) in class 1. Dividing by introduction period, 48 taxa (44%) aye in period I, 19 taxa (17%) in period II, 42 taxa (39%) in period III. Dividing by growth type, 48 taxa (44%) are annuals, 25 taxa (23%) are biennials, 33 taxa (30%) are perennials. Dividing by the place of origin, 39 taxa (35%) are from Euyope, 33 taxa (30%) from North America, 11 taxa (10%) from Tropic America, 9 taxa (8%) from Europe Asia,5 taxa (5%) from South America, 5 taxa (5%) from China.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.388-408
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• 2022

This study was conducted to select the indicator species (plant) according to the topographical characteristics in the Picea jezoensis forests, endangered subalpine coniferous trees. In South Korea and China (close to Baekdusan), the southern tree line limit of Picea jezoensis has meaningful geographical and latitudinal values for analyzing the ecological characteristics of P. jezoensis forests. Latitude greatly affects the geographical values of plant ecology, and the difference in latitude and habitat affects the change in species composition in forests. With prolonged environmental change, the habitat of subalpine plants will become smaller, and the plants may become extinct. As the P. jezoensis forests of South Korea and China, in particular, are in danger of disappearing without protection, it is important to monitor the population and develop a conservation strategy. Eighty-seven circular plots were established in P. jezoensis forests in South Korea and China. Through processes such as MRPP-test and NMS ordination, indicator species were selected based on this, and basic data for biodiversity assessment were presented. As a result of the Indicator Species Analysis (ISA), 5 taxa were selected from the upperstory vegetation and 18 taxa from the understory vegetation at the altitude(p<0.05). Indicator species by aspect were analyzed as 3 taxa for upperstory vegetation and 16 taxa for understory vegetation (p<0.05). In the case of indicator species according to the slope, 6 taxa for upper vegetation and 24 taxa for understory vegetation were selected(p<0.05). As for the indicator species according to their habitat, 8 taxa in upper vegetation and 65 taxa on understory vegetation were selected. As a result of MRPP-test, it was analyzed that the species composition was heterogeneous in the group of understory vegetation than that of upperstory vegetation. As a result of NMS ordination, the correlation with environmental factors of indicator species was analyzed by rock exposure for upperstory vegetation and latitude for understory vegetation (cut off level=0.3).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the current status of vascular plants and naturalized plants growing in the Seongeup Folk Village in Jeju and to consider and compare their distribution patterns and the characteristics of emergence of naturalized plants in other folk villages and all parts of Jeju, thereby exploring measures to well manage naturalized plants. The result of this study is as follows.11) The total number of vascular plants growing in Seongeup Folk Village is identified to be 354 taxa which include 93 families, 260 genus, 298 species, 44 varieties and 12 breeds. Among them, the number of naturalized plants is 55 taxa in total including 22 families, 46 genus, 53 species, and 2 varieties, which accounts for 21.7% of the total of 254 taxa identified all over the region of Jeju. The rate of naturalization in Seongeup Folk Village is 15.5%, which is far higher than the rates of plant naturalization in Hahoi Village in Andong, Yangdong Village in Gyeongju, Hangae Village in Seongju, Wanggok Village in Goseong, and Oeam Village in Asan. Among the naturalized plants identified within the targeted villages, the number of those growing in Jeju is 9 taxa including Silene gallica, Modiola caroliniana, Oenothera laciniata, Oenothera stricta, Apium leptophyllum, Gnaphalium purpureum, Gnaphalium calviceps, Paspalum dilatatum and Sisyrinchium angustifolium. It is suggested that appropriate management measures that consider the characteristics of the gateway to import and the birthplace of the naturalized plants are necessary. In the meantime, 3 more taxa that have not been included in the reference list of Jeju have been identified for the first time in Seongeup Folk Village, which include Bromus sterilis, Cannabis sativa and Veronica hederaefolia. The number of naturalized plants identified within the gardens of unit-based cultural properties is 20 taxa, among which the rate of prevalence of Cerastium glomeratum is the highest at 62.5%. On the other hand, the communities of plants that require landscape management are Brassica napus and other naturalized plants, including Cosmos bipinnatus, Trifolium repens, Medicago lupulina, Oenothera stricta, O. laciniata, Lotus corniculatus, Lolium perenne, Silene gallica, Hypochaeris radicata, Plantago virginica, Bromus catharticus and Cerastium glomeratum. As a short-term measure to manage naturalized plants growing in Seongeup Folk Village, it is important to identify the current status of Cosmos bipinnatus and Brassica napus that have been planted for landscape agriculture, and explore how to use flowers during the blooming season. It is suggested that Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Hypochaeris radicata, designated as invasive alien plants by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, should be eradicated initially, followed by regular monitoring in case of further invasion, spread or expansion. As for Hypochaeris radicata, in particular, some physical prevention measures need to be explored, such as for example, identifying the habitat density and eradication of the plant. In addition, it is urgent to remove plants, such as Sonchus oleraceus, Houttuynia cordata, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Erigeron annuus and Lamium purpureum with high index of greenness visually, growing wild at around high Jeongyi town walls. At the same time, as the distribution and dominance value of the naturalized plants growing in deserted or empty houses are high, it is necessary to find measures to preserve and manage them and to use the houses as lodging places.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.169-179
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• 1999

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the spring naturalized plant communities in old-Andong city by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. As a result, the vegetation was classified into the six communities and two subcommunities: A. Bromus tectorum community A-a. Bromus japonicus subcommunity, A-b. Melica onoei subcommunity; B. Poa pratensis community; C. Rumex crispus community; D. Oenothera lamarckiana community; E. Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. eiatior community; F. Rumex conglomeratus community. The total taxa of the naturalized plant communities consisted of 31 families, 86 genera, 114 species and 13 varieties. Of which the taxa of the naturalized plant species consisted of 8 families, 21 genera, 25 species and 1 variety. The result of Bray-Curtis ordination revealed that the plots suveyed were arranged according largely to the vegetation units of' the communities. Also the interspecific affinity was examined by an analysis of interspecific association and the main component species in the communities were divided into two groups. The naturalized rate was higher in the communitise affected by strong human impacts, while was lower in the communities affected relatively less by human impacts. On the other hand the seasonal changes of the communities and the naturalized rate between the spring and the autumn were investigated. Many naturalized communities present in Spring were replaced by the other native ruderal communitues in the Autumn. The naturalized rate based on the dominance was largely decreased over from the spring to the Autumn.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.7
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• pp.11-23
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• 1986

Korea has a long history from several thousand years ago. Specially stonecultural properties were used for the long period in Korea. Ancient tombs of prehistoric age, Sukgul-am (stone cave), Chumsung-dae (astronomical observatory)and stone statue of Buddha in the period of three dynasties were made of stone. There after the foundation stone, mortarstone, millstone, and other stone facilities at home have been also used for a long time. For the conservation of the cultural properties, the ecological distribution of lichens was investigated with the stone buildings around tombs and multistory stonepagodas.1. Yoo-nung (The tomb of Emperor Sungjong) : The stone buildings of granitearound tomb about 80 years old are clean and solid in quality, but they were covered in places with three kinds of lichens as the circle forms of pale-green and dark-gray colored thallus in crustose type. They were examined ecological distribution, identification and measurement of lobe size of lichens.2. Yoong-nung (The tomb of son of Emperor Yung-jong) : Granite buildings around tomb about 200 years old are also clean, moreover, they were also covered with the same kinds of crustose lichens in overlap.3. Yung-nung (The tomb of Emperor Sejong) : More than seven species of crustose, foliose and one species of fruticose lichens were growing on thegranite stone buildings built in about 500 years ago.4. Shilluk-sa multistory brick pagoda : It was built at the Koryo dynasty more than about 700 years. More than 5 species of crustose folios and two species of fruticose lichens were growing well on the granite stone at shade area. It was assumed that foliose lichens as dominant species with the respect of ecological aspect.5. Shilluk-sa multistory marble pagoda : This marble pagoda was built at the middle period of the Koryo dynasty as the same age of multistory brick pagoda. It was covered with black colored thallus such as crustose lichens. It is seemed that only crustose lichens on the stone were due to the drymarble stone. From the results described above, distribution of lichens showed that only crustose lichens on the stone from the short history (about 100-200 years) were grown with small size of circle form, stone buildings over 500 years were covered with crustose, folios and fruticose lichens, and the lichens distribution on the stonemore than 500 years appeared more foliose and fruticose than crustose type. Therefore, it is suggested that the succession of lichens on the stone buildings iscrustose$\rightarrow$foliose$\rightarrow$fruticose.Parmelia mexicana, Cladonia floerkeana, Ramalina yasudae identified are described in this paper and other unidentified species of saxicolous lichens will bedescribed later.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.829-835
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• 2006

The composition, source, and regional concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) were measured in pine needles with several sites in Korea. Homologs specific analysis confirmed that hepta-BDE(bromodiphenyl ethers) through deca-BDE were predictive indicator for total PBDEs concentration(Pearson's correlation coefficient r>0.96, p<0.001). Deca-BDE were detected in relatively very high concentration compared to other PBDE congeners in all samples. The similarity of between congeners profile to those of Bromkal 70-5DE and DE-71, the commercial mixture of PBDEs, indicates these mixtures are source of PBDEs observed in these sites. Also, BDE-47, -99, -100, -206, -207, and -209 were the dominant congeners in all samples, suggesting that the widely used commercial penta- and deca-BDE technical mixture were the original sources. However, Pearson's correlation coefficients of between BDE-209 and BDE-47, -99, -100 were insignificant, which implied that tetra-BDE and penta-BDE may originate from secondary sources such as air-plant partition in manner similar to that of the PCBs, while deca-BDE formulation still has primary sources.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.255-269
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• 2018

Armillaria is a white-rot fungus that decomposes organics; it is also a root pathogen that kills trees. Recently, since the forest tending practice, the incidence of Armillaria infections on tree stumps has been increasing. Herein, we have examined the morphological features of Armillaria solidipes and A. gallica collected from 10 areas in Korea, and investigated the activities of the decomposing enzymes cellulase and laccase of these two Armillaria species. A. solidipes was found in eight host tree species including Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, and Castanea crenata at the altitude of 107~1,396 m, while A. gallica was found in three host species including P. densiflora and Fraxinus rhynchophylla at the altitude of 119~556 m. The fruiting bodies of A. solidipes are close with lamellae, and have brown to black hairs on the stipe, while those of A. gallica are distant with lamellae and clavate-shaped, and have yellow hairs on the base. The activites of cellulase of the two species were not different, but the activity of A. solidipes laccase was higher ($12.94{\pm}0.4U/mL$) than that of A. gallica laccase ($9.14{\pm}0.3U/mL$).