• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.167-174
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• 2018

Japanese state has continuously tried to adapt itself to the social demands coming from rapidly greying population. Japanese government introduced the new social insurance system of elderly care, i.e. Long term Care Insurance with epoch-making changes in the Japanese welfare system. The most important aspects of the new system can be summarised as follows: 1) social insurance system of obligatory entry with paying premiums and co-payment 2) emphasis on the customer choice, competition, flexibility, free-market, relaxation of the regulation. This characteristics brought unexpected results of the emergence of ethnicity-centred contents of welfare services. As a selling point in freemarket and as a countermeasures against expected ethnic disadvantages, the Korean ethnic organisations brought the ethnic elements resulting in the diversified Japanese welfare services.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.5
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• pp.207-264
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• 1993

항공사의 외국인 소유는 이것으로 인하여 전체 항공운송 시스템이 변화될 수 있는 핵심적인 개념이다. 작금 항공운송산업을 둘러싼 환경은 급격하게 변화하고 있어서 많은 국가들이 항공사의 외국인 소유와 관련한 기존의 법제나 정책변경을 심각하게 고려하기 시작하였다. 항공기 및 항공사의 국적과 관련한 전통적인 개념은 양자사이에 '진정한' 또는 '효파적인' 관계가 있어야 한다는 것이다. 특별히 항공사의 '실질적인 및 효과적인 통제'조항은 양자 및 다자간 항공운송 협정에서 가장 핵심적인 역할을 해오고 있다. 그러나 변화의 바람이 거세게 일고 있다. 항공운송산업에서 이러한 변화는 미국에서 시작되고 미국의 국제항공관계에 적용되고 있는 규제완화에서 비롯되었다. 미국의 규제완화정책은 합병 및 흡수를 통한 항공사의 집중이라는 결과를 가져와서 항공운송 시장은 궁극적으로 소수의 거대 항공사에 의해 지배될 것이라는 우려를 낳고 있다. 이러한 새로운 추세에 대응하여 많은 국가틀이 다양한 형태의 지역협력체를 형성하고 있다. (예, EC, 아세안, 안데안 그룹, 야마스크로 선언 등) 또한 다수 국가들은 정치.경제적인 이웃에서 정부의 소유주식을 외국인 및 외국회사를 포함한 민간부문에 매각함으로써 사유.사영화를 추진하고 있다. 한편 제조업 분야에서 다국적기업 (IBM, 코카콜라 등)은 별 어력움이 없이 성립될 수 있다. GATT의 주관하에 열리고 있는 우루과이 협상에 참여하고 있는 국가들은 최혜국 대우, 내국인 대우, 시장접근 같은 상품교역의 개념및 원리를 항공운송서비스를 포함한 서비스교역에 적용하는데 기본적으로 합의하였다. 급격히 변화하는 환경에서 항공운송 산업만이 국가의 영공 주권, 항공사의 공익기업 개념, 상업적 이익의 균형교환 같은 자기류의 논리에 집착하여 언제까지나 홀로 고립될 수는 없을 것이다. 더구나 세계 항공운송 산업은 1980년 후반부터 큰 시련에 직면해 있다. 몇몇을 제외한 대부분의 항공사는 세계경제의 불황속에서 초과공급 및 운임전쟁으로 인한 엄청난 적자를 기록하고 있다. 모든점을 미루어볼 때 세계의 항공사들은 과거 어느 때보다도 외국인 투자를 필요로 하고 있으며 항공사가 속해 있는 정부는 외국인 소유에 관한 법제를 개정하고 나아가 전체 항공운송시스템을 개편하도록 압력을 받고 있다. 많은 국가에서 외국인 소유에 관한 법규의 개정은 현존 항공운송 시스템에 다각적인 영향을 가져올 것이다. 다시말하면 양자협상, 반독점및 경쟁볍규의 적용, 고용 및 카보타지등을 포함한 제반분야가 영향을 받을 것이다. 결국 외국인 소유에 관한 법제의 완화는 항공사의 세계화 또는 다국적화의 과정을 촉진시킬 것이고, 항공사간 다양한 형태의 제휴가 이러한 방향에서 계속될 것이다.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.56
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• pp.26-47
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• 2011

Commercialism of journalism adheres to short-term profit, and the decrease in quality. Commercialization means the process that is deepened low quality of journalism. It is for a purpose and a means to have been transposed. The mid term of 1990's, deregulation of media and commercialism of journalism were gaining power in the developed countries. Korea has come to the similar condition which is most laws of press and broadcasting are deregulated. There is also concern to the commercialization of journalism in Korea. Four broadcasting channels (cross-ownership media) enter in media market, and a huge change is expected. It is for concern regarding commercialization of journalism not to stop to a baseless anxiety. In order to consider more deeply the problems of commercialism, I have approached instances of the art world and the developed countries. Through this, I declared the importance of ethics of journalists.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 1995

A software engineering process has been developed for the design of safety critical software for Wolsong 2/3/4 project to satisfy the requirement of the regulatory body. Among the process, this paper described the detail process of validation testing peformed to ensure that the software with its hardware, developed by the design group, satisfies the requirements of the functional specification prepared by the independent functional group. To perform the test, test facility and test software ore developed and actual safety system computer was connected. Three kinds of test cases, i.e., functional test performance test and self-check test were programmed and run to verify each functional specifications. Test failures ore fedback to the design group to revise the software and test result were analyzed and documented in the report to submit to the regulatory body. The test methodology and procedure were very efficient and satisfactory to perform the systematic and automatic test. The test results were also acceptable and successful to verify the software acts as specified in the program functional specification. This methodology can be applied to the validation of other safety-critical software.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2009

A lamp which is currently employed to LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) Backlight is almost CCFL(Cold Cathod Fluorescent Lamp) and EEFL(External Electrode Fluorescent Lamp). However, the use of these lamps is being restricted as RoHS(the Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment) regulation is gradually reinforced. According to this situation, the manufacturing of a lamp which doesn't use mercury is unescapable. Moreover, LCD TV has a defect which take place Motion Blur phenomenon due to response time of LC(Liquid Crystal), and Hold-type characteristic which only exists in LCD differently to CRT, PDP. In this paper, an inverter is proposed to drive a plane light source lamp which is not containing mercury. Driving circuit of proposed inverter is simple because the number of semiconductor device and magnetic device is reduced by using forward topology. Also, Motion Blur phenomenon is decreased by dividing the plane light source lamp to six block along vertical direction, and scanning. Finally, we proved usefulness of proposed inverter through experiment.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.209-244
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• 2020

TMS and tDCS are non-invasive devices that treat the diseases of patients or individual users, and manage or improve their health by applying stimulation to a brain through magnetism and electricity. The effect and safety of these devices have proved to be valid in several diseases, but research in this area is still much going on. Despite increasing cases of their application, legislations directly regulating TMS and tDCS are hard to find. Legal regulation regarding TMS and tDCS in the United States, Germany and Japan reveals that while TMS has been approved as a medical device with a moderate risk, tDCS has not yet earned approval as a medical device. However, the recent FDA guidance, European MDR changes, recalls in the US, and relevant legal provisions of Germany and Japan, as well as recommendations from expert groups all show signs of tDCS growing closer to getting approved as a medical device. Of course, safety and efficacy of tDCS can still be regulated as a general product instead of as a medical device. Considering multiple potential impacts on a human brain, however, the need for independent regulation is urgent. South Korea also lacks legal provisions explicitly regulating TMS and tDCS, but they fall into the category of the grade 3 medical devices according to the notifications of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. And safety and efficacy of TMS are to be evaluated in compliance with the US FDA guidance. But no specific guidelines exist for tDCS yet. Given that tDCS devices are used in some hospitals in reality, and also at home by individual buyers, such a regulatory gap must quickly be addressed. In a longer term, legal system needs to be in place capable of independently regulating non-invasive brain stimulating devices.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.155-178
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to derive factors that affect the acceptance of digital transformation in ports and empirically analyze the impact of these factors on the acceptance of digital transformation through a survey of port workers. Additionally, we test whether acceptance attitude plays a mediating role in the relationship between these factors and digital transformation acceptance. The variables used in this study are as follows. First, knowledge, self-efficacy, and involvement were included as variables related to individual characteristics, relative advantages, complexity, observability were included as variables related to innovation characteristics, and government regulations and competitor pressure were included as variables relate to environmental characteristics, so that a total of eight latent variables were selected. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, two variables among individual characteristics, self-efficacy and involvement, were able to confirm a positive(+) causal relationship with the attitude of accepting digital transformation, and knowledge initially expected a positive(+) causal relationship with the attitude of accepting digital transformation, but the result was a negative(-) causal relationship, so that the hypothesis was rejected. Second, among the characteristics of innovation, complexity has a negative(-) causal relationship with the attitude of accepting digital transformation, and relative advantages and technological innovation have a positive(+) causal relationship with the attitude of accepting digital transformation. Finally, among the environmental characteristics, government regulations and competitor pressure, confirmed a positive(+) causal relationship with the attitude of accepting digital transformation. In addition, it was found that the attitude of accepting digital transformation had a positive(+) causal relationship with personal acceptance and social acceptance of digital transformation.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.379-409
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• 2007

Korea's energy sector was one of policy sectors that exhibited the classical bureaucratic governance of an administrative state. Under the regime, government monopolized the policy-making process and controled the market and the civil society. It not only provided energy goods and services directly through public enterprises but also dominated the market activities through public regulations. However, during 1993~2002, stringent reformation efforts were made to transform the governance regime from the past bureaucratic model to the market model, by way of privatization of public enterprises and deregulation. The ideology behind the reformation based on the shared recognition that the market and spontaneous order thereof is the better apparatus than the government and artificial order thereof in solving social problems mote efficiently. From the year of 2003, another round of reformation efforts have been promoted to introduce the participatory governance model, through institutionalization of channels for the wider participation of civil society into the energy policy-making process. This reformation efforts respond to; first, the increasing criticism from the civil society on the closedness of energy policy process and the higher probability of policy failures thereof, and second, the recognition that the self-organizing nature of an open policy process is the better mechanism for evolutionary problem-solving.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-139
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• 2022

Brain stimulation technology that administers electrical and magnetic stimulation to a brain has shown a significant level of possibility for treating a wide range of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Depending on its nature, the technology is defined either as invasive or non-invasive, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) is one of the most well-known invasive brain stimulation technologies. Currently categorized as grade 4 medical device in accordance with Guideline On Medical Devices And Their Grades, a Notification of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), the DBS has been used as a stable treatment for several diseases. At the same time, the DBS technology has recently achieved substantial advancement, encouraging active discussions for its use from various perspectives. On the contrary, debates over legal regulation related to the use of DBS has relatively been smaller in numbers. In this context, this article aims to 1) introduce the DBS technology and its safety in setting out the tone; 2) touch upon major legal issues that would potentially rise from its use for four different purposes of treatment, clinical study, areas of non-standard treatment where no other methods are available, and enhancement; and finally 3) highlight disputes concerning common emerging issues observed in the aforementioned four purposes from the viewpoint of legal responsibility and liability of using the DBS, which are benefit-risk assessment, physicians' duty of information, patients' capacity to consent, control for device, and insurance coverage.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.67-69
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• 2016

Recently, cost of rare-earth magnets has been raised, because rare-earth magnets are monopolized and the export is also regulated in China. For this reason, the induction motor is operated without the rare-earth magnets. The efficient development of induction motor is more important for economical scheme. A torque of the induction motor is computed and the correlation between dimension and resistance of the squirrel cage rotor is investigated. Also, the correlation between leakage reactance and torque was analyzed with respect to the same dimension of rotor with different shapes. Therefore, this paper proposes the method of improvement for squirrel cage rotor.