• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2009

Effects of $CO_2$ concentration (500, 800, 1,000 and 1,500 ppm) on the initiation and development of fruit body of Grifola frondosa on sawdust cultivation were studied. Optimum concentrations of carbon dioxide for the initiation and development of the fruit body showed the ranges from 500 to 800 ppm. Fruit body initiation was accelerated at lower than 800 ppm $CO_2$ exposure but the maturing of the fruit body was not influenced by above treated $CO_2$ concentrations. The higher ratio of primordial formation, faster fruit body initiation and higher yield were obtained at below 800 ppm of $CO_2$ level, whereas over 1,000 ppm of $CO_2$ levels showed abnormal and lower quality of fruiting bodies. Based on the above results, it is concluded that the favorable $CO_2$ level for bag culture of G. frondosa was below 800 ppm.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.35-41
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of skin hydration and anti-irritation of exopolysaceharide (GF-glucan) produced from submerged culture of Grifola frondosa. The moisturizing effects and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) of GF-glucan in cosmetic products (O/W emulsion) were clinically studied. GF-glucan showed good skin hydration effects when compared with sodium hyaluronate which is a commonly using moisturizer. The skin protective effects of GF-glucan against sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were also found. Twice a day application of the CF-glucan to skin reduced local inflammation remarkably. Irritant reactions were assessed by various aspects of skin function, erythema (skin color reflectance), hydration (electrical capacitance) and TEWL. In the human skin test, 5-day treatment of the GF-glucan was found to reduce SLS-induced skin erythema and Improve bier regeneration. Taken all together, GF-glucan should be a very useful cosmetic ingredient, as a moisturizer, and a protecting agent for various skin irritations.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.50-54
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• 2022

This study was conducted to reduce the phenomenon of the biased cultivation of certain mushroom varieties and to develop a competitive variety of Grifola frondosa. We developed the first Korean white commercial mushroom strain, 'Bakyeon', by crossing monokaryons derived from brown strains. We have collected and tested the characteristics of mushrooms from domestic and international genetic resources since 2018. We bred the unique domestic variety, 'Bakyeon', which has the following characteristics. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was 25~28℃ and the optimal temperature for fruit body growth was 16~18℃. The new variety was similar to the control variety (Daebak) in terms of the pileus, which formed a pine cone shape, and the number of days of cultivation. The yield was 94.1 g/bottle, which was 23% lower than the 108.5 g/bottle yield of the control variety. When incubating the parent and control varieties, the replacement line was clear. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction analysis of mycelial DNA resulted in different band patterns between the parent and control varieties, confirming the hybrid species.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.34-38
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• 2016

This study was performed to determine most appropriate mixed ratio of brewers dried grain to wheat bran as a nutrient supplement in the plastic vinyl bag cultivation of Grifola frondosa. In the examination of an appropriate nutrient source, the IV substrate formulation (80 : 10 : 10, oak sawdust : wheat bran : brewers dried grain) resulted in 71.6 days to harvest and the highest yield of 142.6 g/bag. On the other hand, the investigation of the optimal mixing ratio of beer waste to wheat bran showed that the III substrate formulation (80 : 5 : 15, oak sawdust : wheat bran : brewers dried grain) resulted in the least days to harvest (61.8 days), with the highest yield of 140.8 g/bag.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 2015

Mushroom is known for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative potential. This study provides evidence that the inhibitory effect of mushroom on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. To define the underlying mechanisms of action, tumor necrosis factor${\alpha}$/$IFN{\gamma}$-activated human keratinocytes model was used. Mushroom significantly inhibited the expression of cytokines in HaCaT cells. Taken together, the results demonstrate that mushroom inhibited inflammtion, suggesting that mushroom (DW extract: Grifola frondosa Cordyceps militaris), (Ethanol extract: Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes, Cordyceps militaris, Flammulina velutipes) might be a candidate for the treatment of skin inflammation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2019

This study was performed to develop a useful method for substrate pH adjustment in bottle cultivation of Grifola frondosa. Four types of organic acid solution-citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and succinic acid-were added at 0.5% to 3.0% (w/v) into the substrate. The pH after the organic acid treatments ranged from 3.8 to 4.8 for the mycelial growth of G. frondosa after sterilization. Supplementation with succinic acid at 0.5% resulted in a shorter cultivation period and higher consistent yields compared to other organic acid treatments. These results indicate that the technique we developed is beneficial for higher production of G. frondosa using bottle cultivation.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1994

$CO_2$와 질소동화작용에 있어서의 잎과 줄기간의 세포간 관계가 잔디군락의 자연 환경 상태하에서 자라는 Portulaca oleracea 에서 조사되었다. 기공이 줄기에서는 관찰되지 않는 반면 잎에서는 $1cm^2$당 3,275개가 나타났다. 어린 쇠비름 잎의 기공의 조헝운 범에누누 높고 낮에는 낮다. 최고 활성을 갖는 마디의 순서는 위에서 아래로 떨어짐에 따라 변화한다.P.oleracea 의 줄기조직은 CMA의 최고 활성을 나타내었으나 잎에서는 CMA의 활성이 나타나지 않았다. 빠른 산의 성화는 새벽에 원줄기에서 보여지나 줄기는 서서히 증가하는 것 밖에 관찰되지 않는다. RuPB carboxy-lase의 활성은 거의 관찰 되지 않는다. 특히 잎새에서의 PEP carboxylase의 활성은 이른 아침에 줄기에서는 낮고 잎에서는 매우 높음을 보여준다. 이런 결과는 새벽에 열려진 기공을 통과할$CO_2$가 PEP carboxylase에 의해 잎에서 동화되고 $C_4$생산물이 줄기로 이동함을 나타낸다. Nitrate 축적과 nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine symithetase, gluamate symthase, glutamade dehydrogenase의 농도는 잎보다 줄기에서 더 높았고 밤보다 낮에 더 높다. 이것은 뿌리를 통해 흡수된 nitrate의 상당한 양이 줄기에서 동화되고 줄기 조직을 통해 잎으로 이동되어 거기에서 감소된다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.477-484
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• 2006

This study was performed to know the potentialities of the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica, as a medium for mushroom mycelial culture. Five mushroom mycelial (Agrocus blazei, Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceum, Innonotus obliquus, Phellinus linteus) were frown on the malt extract broth (MEB) and the cactus broth medium (CB). The submerged culture mixtures were extracted using equal volume of ethyl acetate, and their extract yields, total polyphenol contents, and some physiological activities were compared with each other Each extract from mycelial culture grown on CB medium showed remarkable enhancement in physiological activities compared with each counterpart grown on MEB. Among five mycelial cultures grown on CB medium, the extract yield and polyphenyl content were highest in the extract from Grifola frondosa (extract yield, 0.4 g/L and polyphenol content, 22.7%). Also, the extracts from Grifola frondosa showed the highest physiological activities, such as DPPH radical scavenging ($IC_{50}=362.9{\mu}g/ml$), xanthine oxidase inhibition (about 80% at $500{\mu}g/ml$), and superoxide radical scavenging (about 80% at $500{\mu}g/ml$), and NO production inhibition ($IC_{50}=43.1{\mu}g/ml$) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. This result suggests that the fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica can be used as a culture medium for improving the functional properties of various mushroom mycelia.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2008

To elucidate optimum light conditions for artificial cultivation of Grifola frondosa, the effects of light quality (blue, green, white) and light intensity (200, 500, 800, 1200 lux) on primordium formation, morphological properties and yield of fruiting bodies of G. frondosa using bag cultivation method were tested. Among three light sources, white light source ($400{\sim}620\;nm$) had a higher mushroom yield (242 g/bag) and a shorter cultivation period (52 days) than those of the others. In particular, blue light source ($400{\sim}560\;nm$) induced the morphology of wide and deep colored pilei in G. frondosa fruiting body. The experimental results on the appropriate light intensity indicated that 500 lux light was the most effective on mushroom production, whereas primordium formation was effective at 200 lux.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop artificial culture method of Grifola frondosa in polypropylene bag. To find out the favorable substrate formulation of G. frondosa, physicochemical conditions were investigated. The T2 formulation (55 : 25 : 12 : 8) mixing ratio of oak sawdust, oak chip, dried bean-curd refuse and wheat bran showed the shortest time to complete the crop cycle and the highest yield (weight of fresh mushrooms harvested at maturity). Those physicochemical conditions were pH 4.3, 2.4% crude fat contents, 54.1% total carbon, 1.42% total nitrogen, 38.1 C/N ratio, 75.5% porosity and $0.21\;g/cm^3$ bulk density. Among the physicochemical factors, pH, crude fat and total nitrogen may affect mushroom yield. Therefore, development of favorable substrate would be benefit to increase production efficiency of G. frondosa, mushrooms and be commercial potential.