• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.648-655
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• 2012

This research is aimed at suggesting the reasonable guideline for managing tree density of a therapeutic forest to enhance the therapeutic efficiency. To obtain visually preferable tree density for 4 coniferous tree species; Pinus koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pinus densiflora, Larix kaempferi, the simulations of tree density according to the 3 diameter classes are used. 250 people participated in questionnaire and 239 people of them were analyzed. The tree density preferences of 4 tree species are as follows; Pinus koraiensis forest; tree density for trees with Diameter (DBH=D)<25 cm about 816/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 400/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 277/ha. Chamaecyparis obtusa forest; tree density for trees with D<25 about 625/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 625/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 400/ha. Pinus densiflora forest; tree density for trees with D<25 about 816/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 625/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 400/ha. Larix kaempferi forest; tree density for trees with D<25 about 625/ha, tree density for trees with 25=D<40 about 625/ha and tree density for trees with 40=D about 277/ha.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.446-452
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• 2014

This research aimed to provide a method to estimate growing stock and carbon stock using the characteristics of forest type map such as the age-class, DBH class and crown density class. We transformed the growing stock data of national forest inventory (mainly Kangwon-do province) onto those of time when the forest type map was established. We developed a simulation model for the growing stock using the transformed data and the characteristics of forest type map by the quantification method I. By comparing partial correlation coefficient, we found that quantification of growing stock was largely affected by age-class followed by crown density class, forest type and DBH class. The growing stock, was estimated as minimum in the broadleaved forest with age-class II, DBH class 'Small', and crown density class 'Low' as $20.0m^3/ha$, whereas showed maximum value in the coniferous forest with age-class VI, DBH class 'Large', and crown density class 'High' as $305.0m^3/ha$. The growing stock for coniferous, broadleaved, and mixed forest were estimated as $30.5{\sim}305.0m^3/ha$, $20.0{\sim}200.4m^3/ha$, and $23.8{\sim}238.1m^3/ha$, respectively. When we compared the carbon stock by forest type, the carbon stock by age class based on growing stock was maximum when DBH class was 'Large' and crown density class was 'High' regardless of forest type. This estimation of growing stock by using characteristic of forest type can be used to estimate the changes in growing stock and carbon stock resulting from deforestation or natural disaster. In addition, we hope it provide a useful advice when forest officials and policy makers have to make decisions in regard to forest management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1999

서해안 및 도서지역의 상록활엽수림 복원을 위한 기초조사로서 상록활엽수림의 복원과정을 지속적으로 모니터링하기 위하여 천리포수목원 닭섬에 대한 현존식생구조를 밝히고 도입식물들의 활착 상태를 조사하였다. 천리포수목원의 한랭지수는 -7.7$^{\circ}C$.month로 목포(-7.6$^{\circ}C$.month)와 거의 비슷하였으며, 서해안을 흐르는 황해난류의 영향으로 한서의 차가 비교적 적은 난온대성 기후특성을 나타내고 있다. 11개 식생구조구에 대한 식생조사 결과 곰솔이 우점종이었으며 1976년부터 식재하기 시작한 상록활엽수는 26종 708개체이었으며, 이 중 15종 121개체가 활착하여 약 19.1%의 생존율을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate and compare species composition, stand structure, and growth pattern for two different sites in which silvopastoral system has been taking place. One site was the pasture area where a number of trees were removed and grasses were planted for cattle grazing, and the other site was the deciduous forest that has been established by ecological succession. The results were as follows: 1. Nine tree species were present equally in the pasture area and the deciduous forest. Of these species, seven tree species were growing in common for two sites. However, the species composition, including density and frequency, was varied by sites. 2. The number of stems per hectare in the pasture area was 71, and that in the deciduous forest was 1,433, having shown the big difference. It is estimated that, considering the growth rate, better grown trees were remained at the time of harvesting in 1996. 3. The growth of diameter, height, and basal area in the pasture area was superior to that in the nearby deciduous forest. In spite of higher values of diameter and height, the timber volume of pasture area per unit area was less than 15% of that in the deciduous forest. 4. Providing sufficient growing space, the pasture area supported higher values of diameter and height. The wider growing space also had influence on the expansion of crown of trees by the result of deliquescent growth pattern. From this point of view, more research would be needed to establish appropriate number of trees for silvopastoral system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.774-780
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• 2001

Aboveground carbon storage and increment of a 31-year-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida) stand were measured for five years (1997~2001) in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The carbon concentration in each component of aboveground and soil depth decreased in the order of needle>branch>stembark>stemwood>forest floor>0-15cm soil depth>15-30cm soil depth. The carbon storage except for root carbon was 140,600kgC/ha and the tree accounted for 61%, soil 31% and forest floor 8% of the stand carbon storage. Due to high tree mortality by Fusarium subglutinans infection and spring drought in 2001, carbon increment except for 2001 data was 3,233kgC/ha/yr and was in the order of stemwood>branch>stembark>needle. Carbon storage and increment were attributed to stand density and site quality. Carbon storage and increment were higher in the high site quality than in the lower site quality plot on similar tree density. Also, the high tree density site on similar site quality showed more carbon storage and increment compared with the lower tree density. The results suggest that site quality and tree density are a key factor determining carbon storage and increment in this pitch pine stand.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.32-39
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• 2009

In this study, 18 plots were selected for particular investigation on Gangneung area and Samcheok area and Uljin area, where forest fire was occurred after thinning in 2007. After selection, a relationship between a damage of forest fire and thinning were compared and analyzed. Many factor such as a damaged species, a thinning or non-thinning, a direction of forest fire head, DBH, a height of tree, a mortality of tree, a leeward scorching ratio, a crown damage ratio, a forest tree standing crop density, a crown base height, a leaving of thinning slash, a location of plot (GPS), elevation, an aspect of slope, an angle of slope, and a topography were measured. Therefore, we analyzed a relationship with forest fire. In the result of this analysis, it was founded that the leeward scorching ratio was 24.7% on thinning area whereas 60.2% on non-thinning area. Subsequently, leeward scorching ratio on thinning area was increased by about 35.5% more than on non-thinning area. In the result of analysis about tree species, a forest of pine tree was more damaged than forest of oak tree. The mortality of tree was increased by about 41.4% on non-thinning area. When stands were close to thinning slashes, these were more damaged by 10${\sim}$20% than other stands for increasing of amount of a combustion material. Especially, as potential of re-ignition increased for more cumulated thinning slash, it will be more important to require a method for a periodical removing or practical utilization of slash.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.52-58
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• 2007

The effect of stand-growing-stock characteristics of thinning area and non-thinning area on forest fire was studied in this work. 14 spots were selected from 3 counties such as Yangyang, Injae, and Gapyeong and on-the-spot investigations were performed to evaluate the effect of forest fire. The stand-growing-stock characteristics on the spots were analyzed through the height of tree, breast height diameter, clear length, mortality of branch, forest tree standing crop density, degree of closure, and shrub and grass cover degree. The relation between forest fire and the risk of spread of forest fire were analyzed from the analysis of the stand-growing-stock characteristics. It is considered from this work that the possibility of forest fire is decreased on the thinning area compared to the non-thinning area because of higher clearlength, lower number of tree, lower mortality of branch and higher shrub and grass cover degree.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1985

Individual tree growth in a given stand is considerably affected by its neighbouring trees or surrounding density. This trend is appeared more clearly in the unthinned stand. Relationship between growth of individual trees and density around them was analyzed by the use of the angle-summation method(AS method), and then multiple regression equation including variables of center trees and measures of surrounding density by the AS method was given for estimating diameter increment for the last five years and the next few years of center trees.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.45-53
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the biomass and net primary production, stem density and biomass expansion factors of Pinus densiflora in Gochang regions. The mean age of Pinus densiflora in both stands was 10 and 48 years. The dry weights (kg/tree) and aboveground biomass (Mg/ha) were 8.59 and 17.55 for 10 years young stand, 166.66 and 122.05 for 48 years old stand. The total biomass (Mg/ha) including the above and belowground were 21.48 and 154.16 in both age stands. The proportion of stem biomass, stem bark biomass and root biomass increased from the young stand to the old stand while on the leaf biomass and branch biomass, tend to decreased. The net primary production of aboveground biomass (Mg/ha) and belowground biomass were 6.30~6.95 for the young stand and 11.61~13.19 for old stand. The stem density ($g/cm^3$) was 0.338 for young stand while on the other hand, 0.448 for old stand was observed. The above and total biomass expansion factors were 2.304~2.508 and 1.318~1.644 in each age stands, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationships between stand attributes and litterfall amounts in a 28-year old Quercus acutissima stand. Eighteen sampling plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were chosen and litterfall was collected from May 2005 to December 2006. There was no correlation between stand attributes(tree density, mean diameter at breast height, mean height, basal area) and litterfall amounts except for flower and miscellaneous litter for the study period. There were no significant relationships between leaf litter and basal area(r=0.02, 0.05; P=0.93, 0.83) and between leaf litter and tree density(r=-0.10, 0.05; P=0.85, 0.69). Also, leaf litter was affected neither by mean diameter at breast height(r=-0.08, 0.30; P=0.73, 0.22) nor by mean height(r=-0.24, 0.09; P=0.34, 0.70). Other litter amounts such as bark, branch, and acorn showed no relationships with the stand attributes (P>0.05). The lack of significant relationships between litterfall amounts and stand attributes could be due to the closed canopy with a complete crown cover in this mature oak stand.