• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2009

Two dimensional Monte-Carlo simulations of a non-reactive solute plume in isotropic porous media which are physically and chemically heterogeneous are conducted to determine the variations of moment. Retardation factors of 1, 2 and 5 are given to ascertain how the second moments are changed as adsorption increased. Retarded longitudinal second spatial moment, ${Z_{11}}^{'R}(t',l')$, increased during the transport process and as the dimensionless lengths of line plume source, $l_2'$, increased. ${Z_{11}}^{'R}(t',l')$ decreased as the retardation factors increased, and the simulated moments fit well to the first-order analytical results. Retarded longitudinal plume centroid variance, ${Z_{11}}^{'R}(t',l')$, decreased as the dimensionless lengths of line plume source, $l_2'$, increased and as the retardation factor increased. The result indicates that the uncertainty about the plume center decreased, and the ergodic condition for the second spatial moments is far from reaching. Simulated longitudinal one particle displacement covariance, ${Z_{11}}^{'R}(t')$, well consistent with the first-order analytical results for the three degrees of retardation factors of 1, 2 and 5 respectively. It is, consequently, concluded that the retarded longitudinal second moments could be produced by stochastic simulation, and that the first-order analytical results definitely provides very close values of the longitudinal retarded moments.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.77-87
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• 2017

Picophytoplankton, an important primary producer especially at the oligotrophic region, is known to contribute a significant portion of the total phytoplankton biomass in the East Sea of Korea. During autumn in the southwestern East Sea, frequent upwellings and oligotrophic conditions occur and annual variation of primary productivity is known to be significant. Moreover sea surface temperature (SST) of the East Sea is steeply increasing compared to global average increase, so various changes in marine ecosystem related with increase of SST are reported. Taking such circumstances into consideration, we measured the contribution from picophytoplankton fraction to total phytoplankton composition by size fraction of phytoplankton biomass during the autumn seasons from 2011, 2013 and 2015 and examined the variation of the phytoplankton composition. As a result of size fraction analyses, we found that the variation of contribution from picophytoplankton(<$3{\mu}m$) to total community of phytoplankton was high and the average fractions of picophytoplankton were measured as 38% (2011), 59% (2013), 7% (2015), respectively. The difference between measured SST and annual mean SST (${\Delta}T$) was highest ($+1.6^{\circ}C$) in autumn of 2013 and lowest ($-0.9^{\circ}C$) in autumn of 2015. The close positive correlation between ${\Delta}SST$ and fraction of picophytoplankton was confirmed($R^2$ > 0.9). The increase in SST at the southern East Sea was confirmed as one of the main environmental factors in the increase in the increase of the contribution from picophytoplankton. Monitoring of changes in the community structure of primary producers and the influences of the environmental factors including SST in the East Sea is necessary to understand the interactions of ecosystem of the East Sea and the climate change in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2009

Purpose: To investigate MRI findings of the repaired anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Materials and Methods: Seventeen of arthroscopic ACL primary repair with sutures pull-out technique were followed for 21.4 months (range: 12 to 60 months). Stability was assessed with physical examination and KT-1000 arthrometer (MED metric, San Diego, CA) and postoperative MRI checked with time. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the location of tear which was defined with the location of remained synovial sleeve. Group I (11 patients) comprised that the tear was located within proximal 1/3 of ACL substance and group II (6 patients) comprised below proximal 1/3. MRI findings of the repaired ACL were evaluated by its course, sharpness, thickness and signal intensity using 3 grade system and correlated with its location of tear. Results: In all cases, Lachman test and flexion-rotation drawer test were negative, pivot-shift test was less than grade 1 and the mean side-to-side difference by use of KT-1000 arthrometer was 1.4 mm (range: -1.0 to 2.5 mm). The overall continuity of the repaired ACL was well maintained in all cases. However, mild sagging was observed in 10 cases(58.8%), mild obscure contour in 6 cases (35.3%), increased thickness in 8 cases (47.1%) and slight increased signal intensity in 5 cases (29.5%). There was no statistical significance in all parameters between 2 groups. And a focal defect at the femoral attachment site in sagittal image was observed in 7 cases (41.2%) of all patients which comprised 2 cases (18.2%) of group I and 5 cases (83.3%) of group II. It was observed more frequently in group II with statistical significance (p=0.035). Conclusion: Some abnormal MRI findings such as mild sagged course, obscure contour, increased thickness and signal intensity, the focal defect at femoral attachment site could be observed even though the stability was well maintained clinically. We thought that the focal defect was affected by the location of tear of ACL.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.467-480
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• 2011

Spatial and temporal variabilities of NPP(Net Primary Production) retrieved from two satellite instruments, AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 1981-2000) and MODIS(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, 2000-2006), were investigated. The range of mean NPP from A VHRR and MODIS were estimated to be 894-1068 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr and 610-694.90 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr, respectively. The discrepancy of NPP between the two instruments is about 325 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr, and MODIS product is generally closer to the ground measurement than AVHRR despite the limitation in direct comparison such as spatial resolution and vegetation classification. The higher NPP values over South Korea are related to the regions with higher biomass (e.g., mountains) and higher annual temperature. The interannual NPP trends from the two satellite products were computed, and both mean annual trends show continuous NPP increase; 2.14 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr from AVHRR(1981-2000) and 6.08 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr from MODIS (2000-2006) over South Korea. Specifically, the higher increasing trends over the Southwestern region are likely due to the increasing productivity of crop fields from sufficient irrigation and fertilizer use. The retrieved NPP shows a closer relationship between monthly temperature and precipitation, which results in maximum correlation during summer monsoons. The difference in the detection wavelength and model schemes during the retrieval can make a significant difference in the satellite products, and a better accuracy in the meterological and land use data and modeling applications will be necessary to improve the satellite-based NPP data.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.31-33
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• 2015

The extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma is uncommonly occurred in larynx, accounting for less than 1% of all laryngeal neoplasm. In general, the laryngeal lymphoma is appeared as submucosal mass without mucosal ulceration and is most commonly found in supraglottis. The primary laryngeal lymphoma constitute a diagnostic challenge because they are characterized by absence of clinical and gross differential criteria, compared with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We encountered a 74-year-old man with hoarseness and lump sensation in the throat. On direct laryngoscope, multiple ulcerative and exudative mass in glottis and supraglottic areas were observed. The patient was finally diagnosed as large B-cell lymphoma through the laryngeal microsurgery. He received radiation therapy and there is no evidence of recurrence. Although the laryngeal mass has superficial mucosal change, primary laryngeal lymphoma must be included in the differential diagnosis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.644-657
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the clinical therapeutic effects and safety of the Zeo lyung tang (ZLT) on primary glomerulonephritis (PGN). Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, CENTRAL, CNKI, RISS, NDSL, KISS, and OASIS databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing the effects of ZLT on PGN. The Cochrane collaboration bias risk assessment scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. RevMan 5.3 software was used for data analysis. Results: Ten RCTs involving 781 patients were included in the review. Compared with conventional Western medicine (WM) therapy alone, a combination treatment of ZLT and WM improved the total effective rate (RR=1.24; 95%CI [1.16, 1.33]; p<0.00001), reduce the blood urea nitrogen (BUN; MD=-1.05; 95%CI [-1.32, -0.78]; p<0.00001) and the 24-hour urinary protein (MD=-0.38; 95%CI [-0.46, -0.29]; p<0.00001). Conclusions: The combination of ZLT with WM has therapeutic effects on PGN, and it has advantages over WM treatment alone in reducing BUN and 24-hour urinary protein. However, due to the low quality of the included studies and the small sample sizes, additional research is needed in this area.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.759-765
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• 2003

Truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch is a very rare congenital cardiac anomaly that has an unfavorable natural course. We report a successful one-stage repair of truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch through median sternotomy in a 25-day-old neonate weighing 3.1 kg. We reconstructed the aortic arch with direct side-to-end anastomosis between ascending and descending aortas. The right ventricular outflow reconstruction was performed with untreated autologous pericardial conduit without valve following Lecompte maneuver. The patient has been grown-up in good condition (25 ∼ 50 percentile of body weight) and shows the right ventricular outflow tract wide 1 year after the operation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.570-573
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• 2006

A healthy, 14-year-old boy presented with right hip pain and consequent fever after falling out of bed while sleeping. The patient could not walk and complained of severe pain with active and passive motion, which consisted mainly in extension and internal rotation of the right hip. Laboratory analysis of the peripheral blood identified leukocytosis and increased levels of acute phase reactants. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hip, which was performed with the expectation of right hip pathology, revealed cellulitis and abscess in the right psoas muscle and associated inflammatory changes in the adjacent presacral fat plane but showed no abnormal lesions in the adjacent pelvic bone and spine. Staphylococcus hominis was cultured from the blood. With empirical antibiotic therapy, the patient recovered fully. We report a case of primary psoas abscess confused with hip pathology in an immunocompetent child without underlying disease.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.130-139
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• 2013

The application of laparoscopic techniques for the surgical management of Hirschsprung's disease is the recent trend. We described the surgical technique and postoperative long-term outcomes of the one-stage, laparoscopic-assiseted endorectal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease. The technique uses three to four small abdominal ports. Laparoscopic mobilization of the sigmoid colon and rectum is performed and marginal artery-preserving colon pedicle is prepared. The rectal mobilization is performed using a transanal endorectal sleeve technique. The anastomosis is performed 0.5~1 cm above the dentate line. The age at surgery ranged from 6 days to 4 years. The average operative time was 144 minutes. Almost all of the patients passed stool and flatus within 36 hours of surgery. The average hospital stay after surgery was 6.5 days. Among 42 patients, 32 patients older than 3 years old were evaluated for function on defecation. All 32 patients have been continent, of those who needed laxatives were 11 (34.3%) due to constipation and overflow incontinence. Four children (12.5%) have remained dependent on laxatives. Laparoscopic-assisted endorectal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease appears to be safe, provides the less pain, shorter time to full feeding, shorter hospital stay, and excellent cosmetic outcomes. Helping patients and parents ensure the quality of life, they should be provided with counseling, education, and longer-term follow-up care.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.3-23
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• 2007

King Sejong the Great, his students in Jip-hyeun-jeon school and Choe Sejin, their successor of the sixteenth century, indicated Middle Korean had three distinctive pitches, low, high, and rising (phyeong-, geo-, sang-sheong). Thanks to $Hun-min-jeng-{\emptyset}eum$ as well as its Annotation and side-dots literatures in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, we can compare Middle Korean with Hamgyeong dialect, Gyeongsang dialect, and extant tone dialects with joint preservers of what was probably the tonal system of unitary mother Korean language. What is most remarkable about middle Korean phonetic work is its manifest superiority in conception and execution as anything produced in the present day linguistic scholarship. But at this stage in linguistics, prior to the technology and equipment needed for the scientific analysis of sound waves, auditory description was the only possible frame for an accurate and systematic classification. And auditory phonetics still remains fundamental in pitch description, even though modern acoustic categories may supplement and supersede auditory ones in tonological analysis. Auditory phonetics, however, has serious shortcoming that its theory and practice are too subject to be developed into the present century science. With joint researchers, I am developping a new pitch scale. It is a semiautomatic auditory grade pitch analysis program. The result of our labor will give a significant breakthrough to upgrade our component in linguistics.