• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.100-109
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• 2008

Traffic accidents at night occur more than any other time because of improper road light facility and delineators. Therefore, cost-effective criteria of installing delineators are needed instead of expensive road light facility, especially, on rural road including light volume of traffic. This paper presents the criteria of installing 'Chevron Alignment Sign' considering driver's visual behavior characteristics and 'Raised Pavement Marker' considering critical encroachment angie of both straight section and curve one in order to reduce both the number of accidents on curve sections and the number of road encroachment accidents, respectively. The characteristics of visual behaviors can be expressed by visual angle involving curve radius and intersection angle. The estimated installing angles are $1^{\circ}{\sim}2.5^{\circ}$ by radii, which is based on changes in sensitivity across visual field by exogenous attention. Also, the raised pavement marker is installed every 2m, 3m, and 4m considering critical encroachment angles by radii.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 2021

Edge Computing is used as a solution to the cost problem and transmission delay problem caused by network bandwidth consumption that occurs when IoT/CPS devices are integrated into the cloud by performing artificial intelligence (AI) in an environment close to the data source. Since edge computing runs on devices that provide high-performance computation and network connectivity located in the real world, it is necessary to consider application integrity so that it is not exploited by cyber terrorism that can cause human and material damage. In this paper, we propose a technique to protect the integrity of edge computing applications implemented in a script language that is vulnerable to tampering, such as Python, which is used for implementing artificial intelligence, as container images and then digitally signed. The proposed method is based on the integrity protection technology (Docker Contents Trust) provided by the open source container technology. The Docker Client was modified and used to utilize the whitelist for container signature information so that only containers allowed on edge computing devices can be operated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.17-33
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• 2004

Korea's economic development plans instituted in the 1970's, affected by the growth centered policy and rapid industrialization, have prevailed without having aviation safety management system, along with the safety of the other various means of transportation, settled in its place, and subsequently, the aviation accidents occurred until the beginning of year 2000 have incurred an enormous social expense, not to say of a massive loss of human lives. Especially, with regard to the causal factors of accidents, most of recent accidents have been associated with human factor of airmen, thus, only if this can be detected in advance and prevented, the aircraft accident rate will be reduced by a large margin. Therefore, in order to develope improvement methods on the safety system of civil aviation, in this study, safety management system has been divided into three stages: an advance preventive system, a handling system at an accident's occurrence and a post accident handling system, and thereby improvement methods on aviation safety have been suggested for each stage. The threatening factors agatinst aviation safety have been found to be the absence of management standards and regulations, the indifference to or the lack of the law abiding apirit as major factors, and in order to improve on which, it is required that the settlement of the institutional safety management system should precede, and that the Government and the aviation industry should also make a continuous effort to identify the threatening factors against aviation safety, and to provide incentives for the law abiding spirit and the attitude of giving top priority to safety to spread among all the employees.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.58-76
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• 2019

As the number of reported injuries has tended to increase over time, large hospitalization expenditure from excessive medical treatments and hospitalization, and insurance frauds associated with moral hazard in minor collisions have caused a global societal problem. Many occupants of rear-ended vehicles involved in rear-end collisions complain of whiplash injury, which is also known as neck injury, without any anatomical and radiological evidence. With only clinical symptoms, stating that a whiplash injury is a type of injury defined by the Abbreviated Injury Scale would be difficult. Therefore, this study focuses on minor rear-end collisions, where the rear-ender vehicle collides with the rear-ended vehicle at rest. The mathematics dynamic model is employed to simulate a total of 100 rear-end collision scenarios based on various weights and collision speeds and identify how the weights and speeds of both vehicles influence the risk of whiplash injury in occupants involved in minor rear-end collisions. The possibility of an injury is very high when the same-weight vehicles are involved in accidents at collision speeds of 15 km/h or higher. The possibilities are 36% and 84% with collision speeds of 15 km/h and 20 km/h, respectively, if weights are disregarded.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2017

Each year, a number of tourists visit Jeju Island, a popular tourist destination in the Republic of Korea. A large portion of the tourists (about 61%) use a rental car as a means of transportation. With this reason, the number of rental cars registered in Jeju was 15,517 in 2011, while the total number of the rental car has rapidly increased to 26,338 in 2015. For the same period, the number of rental car involved traffic accidents has been doubled. Thus, this study aims to analyze the rental car accidents' characteristics, clarifying primary factors related to rental car accidents in Jeju Island. To do this, 918 rental car accidents and 4,201 non-commercial passenger car accidents that occurred in Jeju island over the two years (2014-2015) were compared, using statistical methods such as chi-square test and z-test. The results show that the characteristics of rental car involved accidents are different from those caused by the passenger cars. Most of the rental car accidents in Jeju were caused by young drivers and drivers who had just obtained their driver's licenses. This study finds that driver immaturity, unfamiliar geography, and driving an unfamiliar vehicle are the main causes of the rental car accidents. Statistical analysis confirms that the characteristics of these accidents appeared significantly different from the passenger cars in terms of human and environmental factors. On the other hand, there is no clear evidence that vehicle-related characteristics are different between rental car and non-commercial passenger car accidents. The implications on transportation safety analysis and effective solutions to prevent rental car traffic accidents are discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.105-111
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• 2018

This study aims to evaluate the safety for cable stayed bridge due to damages on the cable system. Many cable supported bridges, including cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge, have been built in the Korean peninsula. This requires efficient maintenance and management since this structure has complex structural components and system. This large structure also often faces risks either from manmade or natural phenomenon. In 2015 one cable-stayed bridge in South Korea had been struck by a bolt of lightning on the cables. This event had led to fire on cables. These cables had been damaged and putting the bridge at risk. This bridge was back in used after a few weeks of investigations and replacements of the cables. However, enormous social and economic expense were paid for recovery. After this event risk based management for infra structures is required by public demands. Therefore, this study was initiated and aimed to evaluate risks on the cable system due to potential damages. In this paper one cable-stayed bridge in South Korea was selected and investigated its safety based on the damage scenarios of cable system for efficient and prompt management, and for supporting decision making. FEM analysis was conducted to evaluate the safety of the bridges due to damages on the cable system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.698-707
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• 2016

An emergency manual is designed to minimize the extent and effect of lives and assets; it is not designed to prevent an accident. There have been continuous arguments in terms of manual effectiveness regardless of the fact that much effort and great cost have been invested in emergency planning and operations. The problems are that there are a number of different emergency manuals, that these manuals are hard to understand and rarely used due to their complexity, that they provide little direction toward the taking of action, and that coordination is difficult between those involved; all of these problems are related to two different pieces of legislations that define emergency manuals in different ways in terms of the contents required. The study has tried to respond to these arguments by exploring relevant legislation to identify emergency manuals that can be used to respond to rail incidents/accidents, for which previous responses have seemed inefficient. Further, some parts of the emergency manual contents are found to overlap, including the ways of differentiating incident responses, personnel roles and responsibilities by types of accident, and threat levels, all of which has resulted in unnecessary pages of the manuals. In preparing and operating such manuals, this study recommends that one piece of legislation that directly affects rail undertakings must be applied in an effort to increase effectiveness.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.18
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• pp.119-141
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• 2009

Administrative execution by proxy is one of forced executions of administration and is also called as "enforced execution by proxy" in which administration institutions or the third party executes by proxy on behalf of parties who did not execute obligations under administration law and files claims to compensate expenses required in the proxy execution. Despite the actual site of administrative execution by law, social problems are generated because various violence and behaviors of infringement of human rights between executer and obligator are rampant and thus causing human damages since forced execution by physical force is carried out and cases of police indictments and petition to human rights committee are gradually increasing. Majority of people mobilized in this actual site of violence are supplied by private security companies which provide service contract and mobilization of people without qualification of guards or security service and irrational execution by proxy and violent actions by so-called service hooligans connected to violence organizations are now becoming social issues. In these actual sites of violence, structurally very complicated problems such as economic rights, right of residence, struggle for living, and intervention by outsiders are contained. This thesis has analyzed causes of outbreaks of violence and discussed about improvement countermeasure by paying attention to mobilization of people by private security companies. As the result, through revision and improvement of laws and systems, execution institution and policemen must be present at actual sites of execution by proxy to control physical execution of private security companies to be carried out legally and when violent collisions are occurring, it shall be stipulated that police should immediately intervene. Practices of execution by proxy of execution administration institutions shall be avoided and causes of occurrences of violence shall be eliminated by discrete decisions of execution by proxy, elimination of service contract conditions focused on accomplishments, and stipulation of responsibility of execution institutions when problems occur. Practices of solving petitions through collective actions of obligators shall be eliminated and strict enforcement of laws such as disturbance of official execution or compensation claims for expenses of execution by proxy must be carried out and intervention by the third parties must be intercepted. Mobilization of manpower by security companies shall be limited to people with prior registration who have acquired and finished qualification and education by security business law and before putting them on actual sites, it shall be obliged that execution plan with clear written records of working location, mission, and work rules must be submitted in advance to police station in charge and also they must be controlled to follow laws and statutes such as uniform and equipments. In addition, personal criminal responsibility for violent actions must be clearly stipulated and advanced securing soundness of security companies such as limits of service contracts with records of accidents is required. Order placement behaviors of special organizations under the pretext of rehabilitation business must be eradicated and companies with capability and strong intention of observation of laws must be able to receive orders by intercepting chains of contracts and sub-contracts. Issues of improvement countermeasure of social problem, living, and compensation including rights of residence and environment are excluded from the discussion.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.199-207
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop a forest fire occurrence model using meteorological characteristics for practical forecasting of forest fire danger rate by reflecting the climate change for the time period of 2000yrs. Forest fire in South Korea is highly influenced by humidity, wind speed, temperature, and precipitation. To effectively forecast forest fire occurrence, we developed a forest fire danger rating model using weather factors associated with forest fire in 2000yrs. Forest fire occurrence patterns were investigated statistically to develop a forest fire danger rating index using times series weather data sets collected from 76 meteorological observation centers. The data sets were used for 11 years from 2000 to 2010. Development of the national forest fire occurrence probability model used a logistic regression analysis with forest fire occurrence data and meteorological variables. Nine probability models for individual nine provinces including Jeju Island have been developed. The results of the statistical analysis show that the logistic models (p<0.05) strongly depends on the effective and relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, and rainfall. The results of verification showed that the probability of randomly selected fires ranges from 0.687 to 0.981, which represent a relatively high accuracy of the developed model. These findings may be beneficial to the policy makers in South Korea for the prevention of forest fires.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.348-356
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• 2018

Most of fires were human-caused fires in Korea, but meteorological factors are also big contributors to fire behavior and its spread. Thus, meteorological factors as well as topographical and forest factors were considered in the fire danger rating systems. This study aims to develop an advanced national integrated daily weather index(DWI) using weather data in the spring and fall to support forest fire prevention strategy in South Korea. DWI represents the meteorological characteristics, such as humidity (relative and effective), temperature and wind speed, and we integrated nine logistic regression models of the past into one national model. One national integrated model of the spring and fall is respectively $[1+{\exp}\{-(2.706+(0.088^*T_{mean})-(0.055^*Rh)-(0.023^*Eh)-(0.014^*W_{mean}))\}^{-1}]^{-1}$, $[1+{\exp}\{-(1.099+(0.117^*T_{mean})-(0.069^*Rh)-(0.182^*W_{mean}))\}^{-1}]^{-1}$ and all weather variables significantly (p<0.01) affected the probability of forest fire occurrence in the overall regions. The accuracy of the model in the spring and fall is respectively 71.7% and 86.9%. One integrated national model showed 10% higher accuracy than nine logistic regression models when it is applied weather data with 66 random sampling in forest fire event days. These findings would be necessary for the policy makers in the Republic of Korea for the prevention of forest fires.