• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2004

Maritime safety and marine environmental protection are the most important topic in marine society. But, so many marine accidents have been occurred with the development of marine transportation industry. On the other side, ship is being operated under a highly dynamic environment and many factors are related with ship's collision Nowadays, the increasing tendency to the human errors of ship's collision is remarkable, and the investigation of the human errors has been heavily concentrated. This study analysed on the human errors of ship's collision related to the negligence of lookout and classified basic error type using GEMS(Generic Error Modeling System) dynamic model.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.181-191
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• 2009

In general, seafarer's human error is considered to be the preponderant muse for the majority of maritime transportation accidents in a merchant ship. The implementation techniques for Human Error Model (HEM) to assess possible accident risk by deck officers including captain, chief officer, second mate and third mate are described in this study. The scope of this work is focused to 642 deck officers in the ship management company with 130 vessels. At first, HEM can be constructed through the statistical analysis and expert's brainstorming process with human data to 642 deck officers. Then the variables $\upsilon$ for the human factors, the evaluation level EP($\upsilon$) for $\upsilon$, the weight $\alpha$ of $\upsilon$, and the title weight $\beta$ of each deck officers can be decided. In addition, through the analysis of ship's accident history, the accident causation ratios by human error ${\gamma}_H$ and by external error ${\gamma}_B$ can be found as 0.517(51.7%) and 0.483(48.3%), respectively. The correlation coefficients to $\upsilon$ are also shown significant for a 95% confidence interval (p < 0.05) for each coefficient. And the validity of HEM is also surveyed by the analysis of normal probability distribution of risk level RL to each deck officer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.918-927
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of collisions by examining 668 cases of merchant ship collision accidents that occurred during the past 12 years (2010-2021) and analyzed them statistically. Further, the analysis results were applied to propose a human error prevention collision avoidance (HEPCA) model. The statistical annual report of the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal (KMST) and the collision investigation report were investigated to collect data on the causes of collisions of merchant ships, and frequency analysis was performed using the statistical analysis tool, SPSS Statistics. In the first-stage analysis, the causes of collisions were analyzed targeting 668 merchant ship collision accidents, and in the second-stage analysis, the identified maximum frequency cause factors were analyzed in detail. The analysis results identified that 98 % of the cause of the collision was the human error of the navigator, and the highest frequency was in the order of neglect of look-out > violation of navigation regulations > improper maneuvering. The cause of the neglect of look-out was mainly neglecting continuous monitoring after the first recognition of the target ship. The HEPCA model for human error prevention was proposed by applying the analysis results to the collision case of the investigation report. The results of this study are expected to be used as educational materials at marine navigator educational institutions and in practice for avoiding collisions caused by human errors of navigators.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.202-204
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• 2015

2010년부터 최근 5년간 해양안전심판원의 충돌사고 통계분석 결과에 따르면 98%가 인적과실이 원인이 될 정도로 경계소홀 등 해기사에 의한 운항과실이 해양사고의 대부분을 차지하고 있으나 그동안 외국뿐만 아니라 국내에서도 이에 대한 연구는 극히 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 항해중인 선박이 타 선박과 6가지 유형(Head-on, $045^{\circ}$, $090^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, Overtaking, Overtaken)의 다른 방위각으로 조우 상황시 양 선박의 거리가 가까워지면서 거리별 항해당직사관인 해기사가 느끼는 스트레스(주관적 위험도)를 실제 항해중인 선박에 승선하여 실험하였고 획득한 데이터를 통계적으로 분석 및 처리하였다. 데이터를 곡선적합(Curve fitting) 적용 결과 6가지 조우각도별 거리에 따른 연속 데이터 획득이 가능 하였고 인적과실의 주요 원인 중의 하나인 타 선박 조우 상황시 해기사가 느끼는 스트레스 일반화 모델을 위한 기초 식을 제안하였다. 이러한 결과는 향후 해기사의 인적과실을 줄여 해양사고 예방을 위한 기초 자료로 활용 할 수 있을 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.196-198
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• 2016

해양사고 원인의 대부분을 차지하는 인적오류 예방은 해양안전에 가장 중요하며 인적오류는 확률기반의 인적 모델을 구축하여 평가할 수 있다. 확률기반 인적 모델을 구축하기 위해 사건의 원인과 결과 사이에 연계성을 갖고 있는 통계 데이터가 필요하다. 이러한 데이터는 정부 공식통계로서 해양안전심판원에서 제공하는 재결서의 내용 분석을 통해 얻고자 하나, 측정변수가 너무 많아 계산량이 방대하다. 본 연구에서는 재결서 분석서의 원인판단에서 기준이 되는 해양안전심판원의 해양사고조사심판정보포털(이하 해심)에서 제공하는 재결서 내용의 핵심적인 내용으로 구성된 '주제어 '데이터를 활용하여 주제어에 포함된 핵심단어 분석절차를 수립하였다. 이들 단어가 구분형태별로 어떻게 분포된 상태인지 알아보고, 선박사고별로 최적으로 설명할 수 있는 단어 객체수를 검토해보고자 한다. 향후 축소된 차원으로도 해양사고 인적과실의 인과관계 설명이 가능하면, 인적모델의 측정변수를 결정하는 경우 쉽게 타당성을 확인 할 수 있어 해양안전을 위한 중요한 자료로 활용할 수 있다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2009

Recently, many maritime accidents have been increased and the collisions due to human error are given a great deal of proportions out of them We develop the Real-time Collision Risk Monitoring System (CRMS) for the navigational officers to cope with the emergency situation promptly and thus to reduce the probability of casualty. In this study, the risk of collision and grounding is evaluated by two kinds of method. The first method is based on Fuzzy algorithm, which evaluates the risk of collision between traffic ships. The second method is based on Environmental Stress (ES) Model, where the total risk of collision and grounding is evaluated by the environmental stress felt by human. The developed real-time CRMS has been installed to the ship handling simulator system and its capabilities have been tested through simulator experiments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.73-80
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• 2004

Recently, many maritime accidents have been increased and the collisions due to human error are given a great deal of proportions out if them We develop the Real-time Collision Risk Monitoring System (CRMS) for the navigational officers to cope with the emergency situation promptly and thus to reduce the probability if casualty. In this study, the risk of collision is evaluated by two kinds if method. The first method is based on Fuzzy algorithm, which evaluates the risk of collision between traffic ships. The second method is based on Environmental Stress (ES) Model, where the total risk if collision is evaluated by the environmental stress felt by human. The developed real-time CRMS has been installed to the ship handling simulator system and its capabilities have been tested through simulator experiments.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2016

For the prevention of marine casualties, international bodies have mainly focused on strengthening ship's stability and design, maritime education and training, and improving maritime traffic environment. Statistics analysis on marine casualties showed that most of casualties occurred in coastal waters, especially by human elements. In order to review the conformity of existing prevention measures with the result of the statistics analysis, the IMO's SHELL model was applied to the established measures. As a result, ergonomic approaches were needed for the prevention of human errors in coastal waters, so that the priority should be given to the interface between ship's operator and navigational environment. For this study, Rasmussen's SRK pyramid, which showed decision making mechanism of human, and the US Coast Guard's investigation manual on marine casualties concerning the collapse of safe maritime transportation system were reviewed, and the merits and demerits within the risk assessment tools such as IWRAP, PAWSA, ES model, PARK model, and NURI model were also studied. Although the effectiveness of the existing risk assessment models was proved in ports and approaching channels, it is concluded that the need of new models for converting Korean seafarers' qualitative risk to quantitative risk was proposed so as to print hazard maps which make seafarers instinctively recognize comparative hazard levels of coastal waters.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.175-178
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• 2015

This paper presents a VR-simulated sailor training platform for emergency in order to prevent a human error that causes 60~80% of domestic/ abroad marine accidents. Through virtual reality technology, the proposed platform provides an interaction method for proficiency of procedures in emergency, and a crowd control method for controlling crowd agents in a virtual ship environment. The interaction method uses speech recognition and gesture recognition to enhance the immersiveness and efficiency of the training. The crowd control method provides natural simulations of crowd agents by applying a behavior model that reflects the social behavior model of human. To examine the efficiency of the proposed platform, a prototype whose virtual training scenario describes the outbreak of fire in a ship was implemented as a standalone system.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.5 s.121
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• pp.333-338
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• 2007

In this paper, we have studied the ship collision avoidance support on the basis of 'Ship Collision Avoidance Model considered a Speed' for the purpose of the decrease of the human error, caused ship collisions, at sea and the effective support of avoiding ship collisions. The program has been reflected the speed of a target ship, had not been considered in a preceding study. Besides, the program will effectively support a maneuver for a collision avoidance, through the display of a feasible area and the method of a collision avoidance using the own ship's turning characteristic about the action of target ship's course and velocity.