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Origin and evolution of Korean ginseng revealed by genome sequence

  • Cho, Woohyeon;Shim, Hyeonah;Yang, Tae-Jin
    • Journal of Ginseng Culture
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    • v.3
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2021

  • Panax ginseng (Ginseng or Korean ginseng) is one of the most important medicinal herbs in the world. We made a high-quality whole genome sequence of P. ginseng using 'Chunpoong' cultivar, which is the first cultivar registered in Korea Seed and Variety Service (KSVS) with relatively similar genotypes and superior phenotypes, representing approximately 3 Gbp and 60,000 genes. Genome sequence analyses of P. ginseng and related speciesrevealed the origin of Korean ginseng and the ecological adaptation of 18 Panax species around the world. Korean ginseng and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) are tetraploid species having 24 chromosome pairs, while the other 16 species are diploid species with 12 chromosome pairs. Panax and Aralia are the closest genera belonging to the Araliaceae family that diverged approximately 8 million years ago (MYA). All Panax species evolved as shade plants adapting to cool climates and low light conditions under the canopy of deep forests from Southeast Asia such as Vietnam to Northeast Asia such as Russia approximately 6 MYA. However, through recurrent ice ages and global warming, most diploid Panax species disappeared due to the freezing winter, while tetraploid P. ginseng may have appeared by allotetraploidization, which contributed to the adaptation to cold temperaturesin Northeast Asian countries including the Korea peninsula approximately 2 MYA. American ginseng evolved by the adaptation of P. ginseng in Northeast America after the intercontinental migration 1 MYA. Meanwhile, most of diploid Panax species survived in high-altitude mountains over 1,600 meters in Southeast Asia because they could not endure the hot temperature and freezing cold. The genome sequence provides good basisto unveil the origin and evolution of ginseng and also supports practical gene chips which is useful for breeding and the ginseng industry.

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The Development History of the Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회의 발전사)

  • Oh, Hoon-Il
    • Journal of Ginseng Culture
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    • v.3
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    • pp.74-89
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    • 2021

  • The Korean Society of Ginseng (KSG) was founded on September 26, 1975 with approximately 100 members. The first issue of the Korean Journal of Ginseng Science was published in English on December 1, 1976. However, the journal in English version lasted only one year, and the journal was instead published in Korean from 1978. In 1998, the names of the ginseng society and the journal were changed to the Korean Society of Ginseng and Journal of Ginseng Research (JGR), respectively. Four issues ofJGR were published in that year. JGR has again been published in English from Vol. 34 starting in 2010 and has been indexed in SCIE and SCOPUS since 2010 and PubMed Centralsince 2012. Since 2016, JGR has been published by the Elsevier. The impact factor (IF) of JGR has continuously increased - from the first IF of 2.259 in 2012 to 3.898 in 2015, and 5.487 in 2019. This year, the IF ofJGR ranked second among 122 domestic SCI journals and won first place worldwide in Integrative & Complementary Medicine category. The Society has published the semi-annual news magazine, Korean Ginseng Research and Industry since 2007. In March 2019, in addition to the scientific JGR, the Korean Society of Ginseng published the first issue of the Journal of Ginseng Culture on humanities and social sciences related to ginseng. To enhance international academic exchanges of ginseng, KSG organized for the first time, the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng (ISOG) in 1998. Afterwards, the ISOG has been held every four years, and the proceedings have been published. The KSG has also published various books, including Understanding of Korean Ginseng, Ginseng Research during the Past 20 Years, and 30-year History of the Korean Society of Ginseng, etc.

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Causal Relation Analysis of Foreigners' Perceptions of Korean Ginseng Products and the Purchase Intentions (한국 인삼제품에 대한 외국인의 인식도와 구매의도의 관계 분석)

  • Choi, N.Y.;Han, S.J.;Chang, K.J.
    • Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.19-34
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    • 2018

  • This study was initiated because many studies would be necessary to promote Korean ginseng products when the sales of Korean ginseng are declining and many Korean ginseng farmers are facing economic difficulties. The increase in domestic sales is important, but this study is targeting for foreigner's perceptions of Korean ginseng and how to improve the products. The goal of this study is to analyze how to increase their purchase intentions of Korean ginseng products. Questionnaire survey research methods were used to learn more about making certain improvements to ginseng products, consumers are hoping, how affect their perceptions and purchase intentions of Korean ginseng, as well as how foreigners' perceptions of Korean ginseng products affects purchase intentions. Because it's difficult to find any studies about foreigner's Korean ginseng purchase intentions, the survey was expanded to include how people take care of their health, the accessibility of purchasing ginseng products, psychological factors as well as consumer characteristics, satisfaction with Korean ginseng, and intentions of buying Korean ginseng products. The result of the analysis on how making certain desired improvements to and perceptions of Korean ginseng products affect purchase intentions indicated that Korean ginseng perceptions highly affected the purchase intentions; however making certain improvements to ginseng products showed a low impact on the purchase intentions. In other words, making certain improvements, such as convenience of the ginseng products, doesn't affected Korean ginseng purchase intentions directly. On the other hand, it showed that the usefulness, its high quality, and safety trust of Korean ginseng have a big impact on purchasing intentions. If the ginseng that is grown and processed in Korea is better promoted for its high value, the Korean ginseng farmers who are facing many economic difficulties will be able to raise their income.

  • https://doi.org/10.23097/JPAF.2018.20(1):19 인용 PDF