• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.857-868
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• 2014

Data mining is the representative analysis methodology in the era of big data, and is the process to analyze a massive volume database and summarize it into meaningful information. Association rule technique finds the relationship among several items in huge database using the interestingness measures such as support, confidence, lift, etc. But these interestingness measures cannot be used to establish a causality relationship between antecedent and consequent item sets. Moreover, we can not know association direction by them. This paper propose causally confirmed association thresholds to compensate for these problems, and then check the three conditions of interestingness measures. The comparative studies with basic association thresholds, causal association thresholds, and causally confirmed association thresholds are shown by simulation studies. The results show that causally confirmed association thresholds are better than basic and causal association thresholds.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.365-371
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• 2014

Association rule of the well-studied techniques in data mining is the exploratory data analysis for understanding the relevance among the items in a huge database. This method has been used to find the relationship between each set of items based on the interestingness measures such as support, confidence, lift, similarity measures, etc. By typical association rule technique, we generate association rule that satisfy minimum support and confidence values. Support and confidence are the most frequently used, but they have the drawback that they can not determine the direction of the association because they have always positive values. In this paper, we compared support, basic confidence, and three kinds of confidence measures useful for classification model building to overcome this problem. The result confirmed that the causal confirmed confidence was the best confidence in view of the association mining because it showed more precisely the direction of association.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.175-183
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• 1999

국내 무역업무 환경이 EDI 시스템 도입 및 정부의 적극적인 활성화 정책에 힘입어 급속도로 변화하고 있다. 이러한 변화와 함께 EDI 시스템 도입, 활용방법, 성과측정 및 표준화에 대한 연구들이 다각적으로 이루어지고 있다. 이 중에서도 기업에게 있어서 EDI 도입에 따른 성과향상 및 성과측정이라는 이슈는 대단히 중요한 의미를 가질 뿐만 아니라, EDI 시스템 도입의 궁극적인 목표이기도 하다. 이러한 배경하에서 EDI 시스템도입에 따른 기업성과를 향상시키기 위한 EDI 시스템 구현 및 활용방안 등에 대한 기존연구들이 많이 소개되어 있다. 그러나, 실제적으로 EDI 시스템을 활용하면서 시스템에 대한 통제요인의 개발 및 통제요인간의 인과관계 확인과 요인들간의 상관성 조절을 통해서 기업 전체의 성과를 향상시킬 수 있는 EDI 통제모형의 개발에 관한 연구는 부족하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 EDI 성과를 향상시킬 수 있는 통제요인 및 이들간의 상관관계를 밝히고, 이를 퍼지인식도 (FCM: Fuzzy Cognitive Map)와 연계하여 효율적으로 EDI 시스템을 통제할 수 있는 통제모형을 제시하고자 한다.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 2017

The study examines whether there is support for undergraduate students of Department of NCOs leadership needs and self-perceived any casualty, the purpose being placed to identify the cause-and effect relationship between student's behavior and these self-appointed leadership needs parameters. To study this end, the men and women college students Military major in Busan district using the convenience of the student sample extraction to extract the 362 students. Setting the model to achieve the object of the study, and then through a structural equation model (SEM) were studies a causal relationship among variables. Result on the basis of the research study model verification method as described above what is derived from this study were as follows. First, self-leadership is confirmed in the career planning of clarity on the impact of career beliefs centered strategies(+) target-oriented strategy(+), and independent self-reliance, check-centered strategies(+), constructive thinking strategies(+), ERA=centric strategy(+), in the natural course flexibility, compensation strategies(+), constructive thinking strategies(+) improve professional skills appeared to affect the check-centered strategies(+), ERA-centered strategies(+). Second, self-leadership is general satisfaction at the impact of major satisfaction natural reward strategies(+), the curriculum meets the natural reward strategies(+) target-oriented strategy(+) recognition satisfy the natural reward strategies(+) target-oriented strategy(+) appeared to affect this. Third, career beliefs Major General satisfaction in the impact on satisfaction Career Planning Clarity(+), an independent self-reliance(+), career flexibility(+)improve professional skills(+), the curriculum satisfies independent self-reliance(+), career flexibility(+) improve professional skills(+), the self-satisfied recognized independent trust(+), career flexibility(+), career planning clarity(+) it appeared to influence this.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 객관적 환경지표와 그에 대한 인간의 주관적 반응간 의 인과적 관련도의 중요성이 강조된다. 좀 더 구체적으로, 거주자의 주관 적 반응인 주거만족과 객관적 환경지표의 하나인 주거환경유형들(건물유형 과 건물배치유형)과의 인과적 관련도가 본 연구에서 중점적으로 토의된다. 한국의 6개 대단위 공동주택단지가 본 연구의 대상지로 선정되었고, 표본 추출시 건물유형과 건물배치유형을 고려한 다단계 표집방법(multistage sampling)이 사용되었다. 설문면답방법(modified structured survey)에 의해 646명의 처리 가능한 응답이 수거되었다. 인과모형 검증의 첫 단계로서 다 수의 설문문항을 원래 관심있는 소수의 변수로 정선, 추출하기 위한 방법 으로 요인분석이 사용되었다. 요인분석으로부터 정선, 추출된 변수를 이용 해서 본 연구의 가설모형이 정립되고, 그 모형을 검증하기 위한 방법으로 경로분석이 사용되었다. 분석결과를 요약해 볼 때, 건물유형과 건물배치유 형 모두가 거주자의 지각, 인식, 태도 등의 적절한 매개변수들을 통해 거주 자의 주거만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 건물유형은 일반 적으로 저층주거에서 고충주거로 바뀌면서, 거주자의 주거만족에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있음이 확인되었고, 고층주거가 거주자에게 주는 시각적 단 조로움, 과밀감, 그리고 주차장을 포함한 옥외공간 이용상의 불편들과 또 그들로 인한 낮은 안전성 및 경관에 대한 불만족 등이 그 이유로서 밝혀졌 다. 건물배치유형의 경우, U자형의 배치유형이 선형배치유형에 비해 과밀 감 해소, 시각적 명료성 향상, 그리고 옥외공간 이용상의 편리 등 및 또 그 에 따른 경관에 대한 만족의 향상 때문에 거주자의 주거만족을 높이는 데 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 주거와 관련된 설계 및 계획분야를 위한 여러 다 양한 제안들이 본 연구에서 제시되고, 추후 관련 연구들을 위한 가능성들 도 토의되었다. 그 유용성 때문에, 아직 많은 이론적, 방법론적, 그리고 분 석상의 문제에도 불구하고, 객관적 환경지표들과 이용자들의 만족을 포함 한 다양한 주관적 변수들과의 관계를 경험적으로 밝히려는 시도가 계속되 어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2017

This study analyzed causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic output (GDP) for Korea from 2001 to 2014 employing the vector error-correction model estimation by manufacturing sector. The results of unit-roots tests show that all sectoral GDP and electricity consumptions were not stationary. And cointegration tests show that processed foods, Wood Pulp Paper, electricity apparatus, Precision Medical sectors had a linear combinations in the long run between electricity consumptions and economic growth. With respect to the direction of causality, manufacturing sector has a uni-directional running from economic output (GDP) to electricity consumption in short term. The results of study show that sectoral causal relation were different each other in short term and long term. These findings imply that electricity demand management policy focusing on efficiency improvement is necessary to minimize negative impacts on economic growth and to adopt suitable structural policies can induce energy conservation.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-280
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• 2016

This study is focused on how the science gifted students can improve their system thinking by applying 3-steps mind map activities about astronomy contents. Through the pre-study two times, 9 students in 6th grade were participated in this study. It was analyzed the degree of improvement of systems thinking through the science gifted students' mind maps, causal maps and their interviews. The results of the study showed that the experimental group's system thinking who learned 3-steps mind map activities was more complex and diverse than the controlled group's. Therefore 3-steps mind map activities that have been developed in this study will be valuable as an alternative to improve their system thinking. Through this study, 3-steps mind map activities were confirmed that by inducing background knowledge activation and thinking systematization can be an alternative to improve the system thinking of science gifted students. So the 3-steps mind map activities can be helpful in cultivate human resources with creative problem solving ability based on their system thinking.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2023

This study is an empirical study on the effect of eco-friendly management activities of small and medium-sized manufacturers on job improvement. The summary of the analysis results is as follows. first. Among the eco-friendly management activities of SMEs, it was analyzed that social activities did not have a statistically significant effect on job improvement, and second. Environmental activities were found to have a significant effect on work productivity with 𝛽= .394 (p<.001), and job satisfaction showed a low causal relationship with 𝛽=.216, p<.05, and third. Economic management activities were found to have a significant effect on job satisfaction, with 𝛽= .388 (p<.001). In addition, a low causal relationship was confirmed with 𝛽= .267 (p<.01) in work productivity. Therefore, among the effects on job improvement, it was found that environmental activities affect job productivity and economic management activities affect job satisfaction. This study is meaningful in creating an environment for SMEs' eco-friendly management activities, presenting competitive strategic directions, and providing basic data for research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2020.01a
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• pp.117-120
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• 2020

본 논문은 인공지능 메이커 교육과 관련한 요소를 논문 네트워크 키워드 분석과 다양한 빅데이터를 종합하여 핵심용어를 선정 후 인공지능 메이커 교육을 시스템 다이내믹스의 Vensim프로그램으로 인과지도(Casual Loop Diagramming)를 구조분석(모델의 구조)하여 예측 결과를 토대로 향후 미래 상황 추출 및 정책 결정 연구에 영향을 기여한다. 연구 결과 인공지능 교육 정책은 추후 인공지능 교육과 메이커 교육을 융합한 교육 관련 산업이 증대할 것으로 예측되며 교육 경쟁력 향상과 창의적 인재 양성, OTT를 이용한 인공지능 교육 콘텐츠 향상으로 학습에 활용성이 증대하게 된다. 또한 인공지능 교육 정책은 프로그래밍 교육으로 연결되어 성장기 학습자들의 사고력과 정서 발달에 도움 되며 다양한 교재 및 기기 등장으로 인한 학습에 다양성 역시 증가할 것으로 예측된다. 학교 차원에서는 교수·연구 지원 활동이 증가하여 수업 전문성을 가진 교사가 늘어나 학교 교육의 질은 확대되고 학부모는 인공지능 교육 정책에 긍정적으로 된다. 시스템 다이내믹스는 구조가 형태를 결정짓는다는 세계관에 기초하여 피드백 루프와 동태적 형태 유형을 파악하며 다양한 가능성이 존재하게 된다. 이는 추후 다양한 연구를 통해 인공지능 교육 정책 인과지도의 확대로 연결될 수 있음을 암시하며 본 논문을 통해 인공지능 교육 연구 확산에 시발점이 되었으면 한다.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.42
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• pp.115-153
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• 2015

This study identified the cause-and-effect relationship of security management service quality by empirically analyzing whether the performance factors affecting the casino industry are improved when the quality of the security management service is improved. For this, Partial Least Squares (PLS) that can deduce the structural relationship between variables was used. To verify the representativeness of the population, SPSS 19.0 was utilized in a demographic analysis, a independent T-test and Scheffe test. The analysis of the data revealed that the casino industry must preferentially manage assurance, empathy, and security to improve the casino security management service quality, and that, of these, security was the most important factor. To help improve service quality, a theoretical and empirical basis that can consider the importance and priority of individual factors was presented based on the result of this analysis. It also revealed that the security management service is an essential factor for stable business activities of casinos. Further, the importance of the role of the security management service in business strategy formulation for improving the industry performance was recognized through the study results. A service quality improvement method was provided by focusing on the factors that must be preferentially considered for service quality improvement; moreover, implications that can predict the results of such method were presented.