• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2017

The currently used wax agents for preserving outdoor metal structures, despite their advantages, have disadvantages such as low endurance and reliability. These wax agents are easily damaged by acid rain, dust, moisture in the air, yellow dust, and air pollutants, resulting in corrosion within a short period after the initial conservation treatment. In addition, aged wax can also exhibit changes in the color or gloss, and also give a sense of difference in the surface. Given these existing problems, it is necessary to develop improved materials for metal preservation. Therefore, this study analyzed the characteristics and applications of the existing wax coating agents in order to identify their disadvantages and to develop a better material for metal preservation. In this regard, this study developed a perilla oil based compound wax and conducted experiments to test its endurance. The new compound wax agent was exposed to outdoor and acid rain conditions: it showed four times and 1.5 times the endurance of the existing wax agents in outdoor and acid rain conditions, respectively. In addition, the new agent seems to be more durable and protective as evidenced by the chromaticity, polish maintenance, and contact angle results. Further, although it is 1.3-1.8 times thicker than the existing agents, the new agent shows a more even surface. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the new compound wax agent based on perilla oil is a better alternative to the existing was coating agents.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.6 s.107
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• pp.103-108
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• 2005

It was aimed to promote as a material for interior landscape by validating Rumohra aristata, in an indoor environment, especially irrigation interval, medium composition and drainage at indoor. 1. The result of physico-chemical analysis of medium composition showed that porosity, pH and Ex-Ca, Ex-Mg and Ex-K were high with peatmoss: vermiculite: perlite(1:1:1) and water contents, organic matter content, total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity were high with sand: leaf mold(1:1). 2. Growth and indoor adaptability of Rumohra aristata were better with irrigation at 2 interval per week than irrigation at 7 interval per week regardless of drainage. 3. In the case of medium composition, of growth and indoor adaptability were higher with sud: leaf mold (1:1) than peatmoss: vermiculite: perlite(1:1:1). 4. Fronds fresh weight and dry weight decreased when irrigation interval increased and were higher with sand: leaf mold(1:1) than peatmoss: vermiculite: perlite(1:1:1) treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.703-708
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate effects of soil amendments on survival rate and growth of seedlings in a semi-arid region, Mongolia. 2-year-old Populus sibirica and Ulmus pumila seedlings were planted in alkaline sandy soils and treated with 2 levels of nitrogen, elemental sulfur, artificial moisture retention and converted loess. After 4 months, the seedling survival rate of both species decreased as the amount of nitrogen increased. Nitrogen has been generally known to increase seedling survival rate and growth by supplying nutrients, however, reduced survival rate in this study might be affected by consequential increase in soil osmotic pressure, which was caused by excessive nitrogen fertilization. The root collar diameter (RCD) growth of both species increased significantly by the treatment of converted loess, and only RCD growth of P. sibirica increased by the artificial moisture retention treatment. Although P. sibirica is drought-tolerant, it is in the group of Populus spp. which requires a high capacity of available water. Conversely, the elemental sulfur treatment showed no effect on survival rate and RCD growth for both species due to the low oxidation of sulfur in arid soils. The extended monitoring of seedling growth and soil characteristics is required to elucidate the long-term effects of soil amendments in the semi-arid region, and the further studies are also needed to examine the appropriate amount of fertilizers for both species.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.232-236
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• 2001

Four air temperature levels of 23, 25, 27 and 29$^{\circ}C$, three humidity levels of 85, 90 and 95% R.H. at photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 50 $\mu$mol.m$^{-2}$ .s$^{-1}$ were provided to investigate the effect of vapor pressure deficit on the evapotranspiration rate (EVTR) and graft-taking of watermelon grafted seed-increase. Thus EVTR of grafted seedlings increased with increasing air temperature at high humidity of 95%R.H. At relatively low humidity of 85% R.H., grafted seedlings showed a high EVTR and some wilting of scions was observed at this condition. This result would be ascribed to the low supply of water to vascular bundles according to the insufficient joining of scions and rootstocks. Differences in EVTR between 90% R.H. and 95% R.H. were not observed. Grafted seedlings showed high graft-taking at high relative humidity. Relative humidity had highly influenced to the graft-taking as compared to the air temperature. Graft-taking increased with decreasing vapor pressure deficit. Graft-taking greater than 90% was found at vapor pressure deficit less than 0.4kPa which could be obtained at humidity higher than 90% R.H. Therefore it is required to control the humidity higher than 90% R.H. for suppressing EVTR of grafted seedlings and preventing some wilting of scoins and thus enhancing the graft-taking of grafted seedlings.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.491-500
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• 2016

Fog is atmospheric in which tiny drops of water vapor are suspended in the air near the ground. Its form, occurrence, etc., change according to the temperature, relative humidity, wind and geographical features of the space around it. In particular, fog tends to occur near a source of water because of temperature and relative humidity difference. These days, climate change is increasingly affecting the occurrence of fog. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate how fog affects materials that are part of our cultural properties through outdoor exposure tests and artificial degradation. The degradation evaluation of materials as a function of fog occurrence frequency, showed that the color of metals changed noticeably, whereas dyed silk and Dancheong showed degradation on the surface and color differences but no particular tendencies. Therefore, damage prediction by color differences as a function of fog occurrence frequency was based on metal samples, which showed constant color differences. Through a comparison of the predictive value and color difference by outdoor exposure, the accuracy and applicability of the damage prediction formula was confirmed. If a more complex damage prediction formula is created, it is expected that prediction of the degree of material damage in the field would be possible.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.184-192
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature ($15{\sim}40^{\circ}C$) and the spraying plant growth regulators ($GA_{4+7}+BA$ and prohexadione-calcium) during full blooming on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of the commercial apple cultivars ('Fuji' and 'Tsugaru') and apple cultivars bred in Korea ('Chukwang', 'Gamhong', 'Hongan', 'Honggeum', 'Hongro', 'Hwahong', 'Hongso', 'Summer dream' and 'Sunhong'). Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were increased with increasing temperature from 15 to $25^{\circ}C$, but high temperature over $30^{\circ}C$ inhibit those. The apple cultivar bred in Korea that shows the highest value on pollen germination and pollen tube growth at over $30^{\circ}C$ was 'Sunhong'. The spraying $GA_{4+7}+BA$ increased pollen germination and pollen tube growth than control, but that effect was not show at $40^{\circ}C$. The spraying prohexadione-calcium was not affect to pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In conclusion, if the air temperature during full bloom of apple tree rises about $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$, the spraying $GA_{4+7}+BA$ after artificial pollination will be good to increasing fruit set.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 2015

Interspecific crosses between rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and chinese cabbage (B. campestris var. pekinensis Makino) and turnip (B. rapa L.) were made in order to examine the cross possibility and morphological phenotype of $F_1$ hybrid. The growth of pollen tube of cross between rapeseed and chinese cabbage was more rapid than cross between rapeseed and turnip. Silique formation and seed setting in silique were relatively high in the cross between rapeseed and chinese cabbage. The percentage of silique set from interspecific cross between rapeseed and chinese cabbage was 90.6% and higher 23.3% than the percentage of silique from interspecific cross rapeseed and turnip. The average number of seed per silique obtained from the cross rapeseed and chinese cabbage, and rapeseed and turnip reached 15.5 and 11.6, respectively. The morphological phenotypes of $F_1$ hybrid plants obtained from seeds in the cross between rapeseed and chinese cabbage resembled rapeseed mainly, but leaf length and leaf width were increased. The size, shape and lobation of leaves of $F_1$ hybrid plants from interspecific cross between rapeseed and turnip were intermediated between their parent species, but color of leaves was dark-green.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.234-240
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• 2005

This study was conducted to identify cross compatibility with table grape and pollen characteristics by flower type in Vitis amurensis Rupr. (GW-22, GW-45, GW-56, GW-200, GW-202 and GW-300) collected in Gangwon area. Flower structure, germinability and morphology of pollen, and cross compatibility with table grape were examined. Flowers of GW-22 and GW-56 had an aborted gynoecium and five erect fdaments, and all of them was male. The percentage of pollen germination of GW-22 and GW-56 on the agar medium was 27.6-29.8%. Flowers of GW-45, GW-200, GW-202 and GW-300 had well-developed pistils and five stamens with curled filaments. The percentage of pollen germination of female plant on the agar medium was 0%. Pollen grail)s from GW-22 and GW-56 (male flower) have symmetrically distributed three furrows on their surface and each furrow contains a germ pore at the equatorial level (Tricolporated). GW-45, GW-200, GW202, and GW-300 (Female flower) produced pollen grains with no germinative structures (acolporated). In self-pollina-tion of female flowers, berries of clusters were no berry and no seed. Therefore, flower structure in V. amurensis proved to be that of other dioecious Vitis species. In cross combination of female and male flower of V. amurensis made normal seeds. In cross combination of table grape and V. amurensis of male flower made normal seeds. But, in cross combination of female flower of V. amurensis did not make seeds. Therefore, V. amurensis was cross compatible with vitis spp, and V. amurensis varieties may contribute to breeding studies of Vitis spp.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.3 s.164
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• pp.227-240
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• 2006

In the several decades, various storage facilities have been developed and operated to supply water resource, flood control or environmental preservation etc. Then, how those man-maid storage facilities affect on the downstream water and environment and how the hydrologists can evaluate those features for water resources problem-solving are high-concentrated problems in this field. Most large watersheds in Korea contain various types of artificial facilities such dams, reservoirs, in-land ponds, wetlands etc. But the study to develop the technology for achieving the effect of the variances and properties of the long term streamflow caused by the artificial storage facilities have been on the simple watershed models and experimental modeling in the real fields. In this paper, we introduce the procedure and methods to consider the above problems based on continuous and semi-distributed featured SWAT model. At the first, we describe the elements and mechanisms of storage facilities in SWAT model to see how we can apply that in proper and appropriate manner for real field problems. Then, we applied the process to a sample watershed, Taewha River basin which covers the most of Ulsan region. Specially, we concentrate on our effort to the effect of upper reservoirs on down stream long term flows based on various scenario basis. The result was described and analysed in spacial and temporal variations on that basin using the precise manner.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2021

Gastrodia elata has a very low pollination rate in natural state, and even in artificial cultivation, there are very few individuals that bloom due to the degeneration, so little studies have been conducted. This study confirmed that the potential as a cosmetic ingredient by evaluating the antioxidant activity through the evaluation of DPPH radical scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production, and the moisturizing activity through the effect on promoting hyaluronic acid production by artificially flowering G. elata flower. It was also confirmed that the appearance rate and flowering rate of G. elata harvested in spring were high, and the content of gastrodin was 0.36%. The IC50 value of G. elata flower extract was 0.045% and it was confirmed that G. elata flower extract had higher radical scavenging activity than G. elata root extract. The NO production inhibitory activity against the flower extract showed a significant inhibitory effect from 1% to 83.2%. Hyaluronic acid production promotion efficacy was not confirmed in the G. elata root extract, but the production rate increased with concentration dependence in the flower extract, and it was the highest at 46.9% when 0.02% treatment was performed. Based on the above research results, it is judged that G. elata flower extract has high potential for use as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin moisturizing cosmetic ingredient.