• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2004

Purpose : To measure the NMR relaxation properties of MnPC, to observe the characteristics of liver enhancement patterns on MR images in experimentally implanted rabbit VX2 tumor model, and to estimate the possibility of tissue specific contrast agent for MnPC in comparison with the hepatobiliary agent. Materials and Methods : Phthalocyanine (PC) was chelated with paramagnetic ions, manganese (Mn). 2.01 g (5.2 mmol) of phthalocyanine was mixed with 0.37 g (1.4 nlmol) of Mn chloride at $310^{\circ}C$ for 36 hours and then purified by chromatography ($CHCl_3:\;CH_3OH=98:2$, volume ratio) to obtain 1.04 g $(46\%)$ of MnPC (molecular weight = 2000 daltons). The T1/T2 relaxivity (R1/R2) for MnPC were determined at a 1.5 T (64 MHz) MR spectrometer. VX2 tumor model was experimentally implanted in the liver parenchyma of rabbits. All MR studies were performed on 1.5 T. The human extremity radio frequency coil of a bird cage type was employed. MR images were acquired at 17 to 24 days after VX2 carcinoma implantation.4 mmol/kg MnPC and 0.01 mmol/kg Mn-DPDP were injected via the ear vein of rabbits. T1-weighted images were obtained with spin-echo (TR/TE=516/14 msec) and fast multiplanar spoiled gradient recalled (TR/TE : 80/4 msec, $60^{\circ}$ flip angle) pulse sequence. Fast spin-echo (TR/TE=1200/85 msec) was used to obtain the T2-weighted images. Results : The value of T1/T2 relaxivity (R1/R2) of MnPC was $7.28\;mM^{-1}S^{-1}$ and $55.56\;mM^{-1}S^{-1}$ respectively at 1.5 T (64 MHz). Because the T2 relaxivity of MnPC that bonded strongly, covalently manganese with phthalocyanine was very high, the signal intensity of liver parenchyma was decreased on postcontrast T2-weighted images and we could easily distinguish the VX2 carcinoma within the liver parenchyma. When MnPC was administrated intravenously, the tumor margin delineation was more remarkable than Mn-DPDP-enhanced images. The enhancement of liver parenchyma with MnPC persisted at relatively high levels over at least one hour after injection of the contrast agents. Conclusion : The hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of MnPC, which are similar to Mn-DPDP, suggest that this agent is a new liver-specific agent. Also, MnPC seems to be used as a dual contrast agent (T1 and T2) with high T2 relaxivity. However, it is warranted that MnPC needs further investigation as a potential contrast agent for MR imaging of the liver. That is, further characterizations of MnPC are needed in vivo and in vitro before clinical trials. The diagnostic potential of MnPC will also have to be examined more in the animal models of additional types.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1970

적혈구(赤血球) 수명의 측정에는 $^{51}Cr$-표지적혈구법(標識赤血球法)이 임상적(臨床的)으로 이용(利用)되고 있으며 이는 이론상(理論上) steady state 즉(卽) 측정기간(測定期間)동안 순환(循環) $^{51}Cr$량(量)-적혈구량(赤血球量)이 일정(一定)할 때에 한(限)하여 유효(有效)하며 unsteady state 때는 true red cell survival을 알기 위하여서는 측정치에 영향을 주는 요인(要因)에 대하여 각각(各各) 교정(校正)해 줄 필요(必要)가 있다. 이 요인(要因)중에 특히 실혈(失血)로 인(因)한 영향에 관(關)하여는 계통적인 연구(硏究)가 적다. 이에 저자(著者)들은 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구법(標識赤血球法)을 이용(利用)하여 실혈(失血)이 적혈구(赤血球) 수명측정(測定)에 미치는 영향을 인체(人體)에서 실험 관찰하여 몇가지 성적을 얻었다. 연구대상(硏究對象)은 총(總) 56명(名)의 청장년(靑壯年)으로 급성실혈군(急性失血群)과 만성실혈군(慢性失血群)으로 구분(區分)하여 급성실혈군(急性失血群)은 위장출혈등(胃腸出血等)이 없는 2대(代)의 의대생(醫大生)으로 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구법(標識赤血球法)을 사용하여 적혈구(赤血球) 수명을 측정하는 동안($10{\sim}14$ 일간(日間)) 1일당(日當) 10ml(6명(名)), 25ml(4명(名)), 50ml(4명(名)), 75ml(4명(名)), 100ml(6명(名))를 각각(各各) 사혈(瀉血)한 군(群)과 10일간(日間) 1,000ml를 사혈한 군(群) 즉 200ml씩 5회(回)(4명(名)), 500ml씩 2회(回)(4명(名))로 세분(細分)하였으며 만성실혈군(慢性失血群)은 직업적인 공혈자(供血者)로 반복사혈로 생긴 9명(名)의 빈혈자와 십이지장충증(十二指腸蟲症)에 감염(感染)되어 구충(驅蟲)한 중등도(中等度)의 철결핍성 빈혈환자 7명(名)으로 나누어 관찰하였다. 측정(測定) 방법(方法)으로는 Gray 및 Sterling법(法)을 개설한 방법(方法)으로 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)의 계측시료(計測試料)로서 전혈(全血) 및 적혈구(赤血球)를 사용(使用)하였다. 실험(實驗)성적은 1. 1일당(日當) 실혈량(失血量)이 증가(增加)할수록 적혈구(赤血球)수명($T\frac{1}{2}$)은 짧아짐을 알 수 있었다. 즉(卽) 1일당(日當) $20{\sim}50ml$ 사혈군에서는 $T\frac{1}{2}$이 현저히 짧아지는 rapid phase을 나타내고 1일당(日當) 50ml이상(以上) 사혈군에서는 짧아지는 정도(程度)가 완만한 slow phase을 나타낸다(Fig. 6). 2. 1일량(日量) 10ml 및 25ml식(式) 사혈한 군(群)의 적혈구수명(赤血球壽命)을 측정(測定)하는데 있어 적혈구(赤血球)를 사용하였을 때에는 $T\frac{1}{2}$측 정치에 유의한 차(差)가 없었으며 이 범위 내에서는 Hct., Hb. 및 혈청철치(血淸鐵値)도 역시 유의한 차(差)가 없었다. 3. 1일량(日量) 50ml 및 75ml, 100ml씩 사혈한 군(群)에서는 적혈구(赤血球)만을 사용(使用)하였을 때와 전혈(全血)을 시료(試料)로 하였을 때 사이에 $T\frac{1}{2}$의 측정치에 유의한 차(差)가 있었으며 이 때는 Hct., Hb. 및 혈청철치(血淸鐵値)에도 변화(變化)가 있었다. 즉(卽), 전혈(全血)을 사용한 적혈구(赤血球) 수명($T\frac{1}{2}$)의 측정치가 적혈구(赤血球)만를 사용(使用)한 적혈구(赤血球) 수명($T\frac{1}{2}$)의 측정치 보다 짧았다. 4. 일정(一定)기간(10 일(日)) 사혈의 총량(1000ml)이 같을 매는 200ml를 5회(回) 사혈한 군(群)이나 500ml를 2회(回) 사혈한 군(群) 사이에 적혈구(赤血球) 수명($T\frac{1}{2}$)에 유의(有義)한 차(差)를 볼 수 없었다. 5. 직업적 공혈자의 반복사혈로 인(因)한 만성(慢性) 빈혈환자 9명(名)에서의 $^{51}Cr$적혈구(赤血球)수명($T\frac{1}{2}$) 측정치는 평균(平均) 19.2일(日)로 짧아져 있으나 적혈구수명측정전후(赤血球壽命測定前後)에 충분(充分)한 철제(鐵劑)를 투여(投與)하여 Hct., Hb. 및 혈청철치(血淸鐵値)를 증가(增加)시켰으며 이때 볼 수 있었든 Hct치(値)를 규준(規準)하여 교정한 적혈구(赤血球)수명($T\frac{1}{2}$)은 거의 정상(正常)범위 안에 있어(27.6일(日)) 이러한 인자(因子)를 고려하지 않으면 잘못 이해할 수가 있다. 6. 구충자충(鉤蟲仔蟲)을 구충한 7명(名)의 중등도(中等度) 철(鐵)결핍성 빈혈환자에서의 적혈구(赤血球)수명($T\frac{1}{2}$) 측정치는 25일(日)$\sim$31일(日)로 평균(平均) 28일(日)이었으며, 이때 장 출혈량은 1일(日) $1.0{\sim}3.5ml$이었다. 단시일내의 급성실혈시에는 이와같은 소량의 실혈(失血)도 적혈구(赤血球)수명($T\frac{1}{2}$) 측정치에 영향을 보여 줌을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 정도의 실혈은 실험오차에 기인하는 것인지 아니면 장기 출혈에서는 이러한 소량의 실혈이 적혈구(赤血球)수명($T\frac{1}{2}$) 측정에 영향을 미치지 않는 것인지는 아직 확실히 말할 수 없다. 8. $^{51}Cr$-표지적혈구(標識赤血球)로 측정한 적혈구(赤血球)수명($T\frac{1}{2}$)은 측정시의 실혈량(失血量)에 큰 영향을 받음을 알 수 있으며 저자(著者)들은 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)를 이용(利用)한 적혈구(赤血球) 수명 측정때 검사기간중 실혈량이 적혈구수명치(赤血球壽命値)에 미치는 관계를 상술(上述)한 실험치(實驗値)를 기초(基礎)로 하여 다음과 같을 교정식(校正式)을 고찰(考察)해 보았다. $^{51}Cr\;T\frac{1}{2}=17.0e^{-0.0495}+18.4e^{-0.000924x}$ 단(但) X : 1일(日) 실혈량(失血量)(단위(單位) ml)

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.41-53
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• 2017

This study was performed to determine what the plant material were selected to reflect in the 2016 Korea Garden Show designer's garden. It was analyzed that plant material was used to display the theme of the garden and to create a specific space. Under the given theme of 'K-Garden, Shinhallyu Garden(new style garden culture) with the most Korean taste', the plants were used to highlight the theme in two types: 'representation' and 'expression'. There were two 'representation' gardens that imitate a particular space of Korean taste and four 'expression' gardens that showcase the designer's thoughts with abstract concepts and concrete objects. Three gardens included both types of garden. The way of revealing the subject with plants was used more for 'expression' than for 'representation'. There were eleven spaces for 'representation' of the Korean taste, a vegetable garden, faucet, pond, field, nature, a Hanok court garden, groves of bamboo, tile roof, stone wall, rock and backyard of a Hanok connected to the mountain. The planting material was used in two ways: reflecting only the ecological characteristics of the plant, and considering the ecological and visual characteristics together. Vegetation plantings reflecting the ecological characteristics were observed in all eleven spaces. Nine of the spaces reflected the growth environment of the plants, but the other two did not reflect the ecological characteristics of the plants, unlike the designer's intention. In the case of the four spaces that considered the ecological and visual characteristics together, color and size were considered visual characteristics. The plants in the seven spaces that included 'expression' as the theme were selected to reflect the visual characteristics in the order of color, shape, texture, and size, rather than reflecting ecological characteristics. A group planting method was applied. When the plants were used as materials for creating space, Norman(1989) analyzed three enclosure factors(overhead, vertical, ground plane). Only two deciduous trees were used in the overhead plane while five species of evergreen shrubs and thirty species of various deciduous plants were used in the vertical plane. There were forty-five species (nine trees and thirty-six herbaceous plants) forming the ground plane, and various herbaceous plants were utilized without duplication in each garden. The designer's garden of the Garden Show played a role in introducing new groundcover plants to the public. Three of the nine gardens did not include ornamental plants, and the use of decorative plants in other gardens was few compared to the number of plantings. In the Korea Garden Show designer's garden, most of the plants were being used with the intention of exposing the theme or architectural uses. In the 2016 Korea Garden Show designer's garden, many species of plants were used as materials for showcasing themes rather than for creating spaces. Also, the method of 'expression' was used more than the method of 'representation' in order to highlight the theme. This indicates that the planting materials reflect visual characteristics such as color, shape, texture, size rather than ecological characteristics.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.187-200
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• 2007

This study attempted to contribute to the clinical application of implant operation by making a quantitative nerve examination using a neurometer for the evaluation of sensory disturbances that could be incurred after the implantation in the dental clinics, and it intended to establish an objective guideline in the evaluation of sensory nerve after the operation of implant. An inspection was performed with the frequencies of 2000Hz, 250 Hz and 5 Hz before and after the operations of tooth implant using $Neurometer^{(R)}$ CPT/C (Neurotron, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland, USA) for 44 patients who had performed an implant operation among the patients coming to Daejeon Sun Dental Hospital in 2006 and 30 people for control group. The measuring sites were maxillary nerve ending and mandibular nerve ending of trigeminal nerve according to the implant operating regions. The current perception threshold (CPT) by each nerve fiber was specifically responded under the electric stimulation of 2000 Hz in case of $A{\beta}$ fiber and of 250 Hz in case of $A{\delta}$ fiber and of 5Hz in case of C fiber. The CPT test could be performed to assess the damages of peripheral nerve in the trigeminal nerve area and it stimulated selective nerve fibers by generating the electricity of specific frequency in the peripheral nerve area. The nerve fibers with varied thickness were responsive selectively to the electric stimulation with different frequencies; accordingly, they applied the electric stimulation with different frequencies and the reaction threshold of $A{\beta},\;A{\delta}$ and C fibers selectively responsive to each electric current could be individually evaluated. In the assessment through the CPT, the increase and decrease of the CPT could be measured so that sensory disturbances such as hyperaesthesia or hypoaesthesia could be diagnosed. This study could obtain the following results after the assessment of the CPT before and after the implant operation. 1. In the assessment before and after the implant operation, the CPT in the frequencies of 2000 Hz, 250 Hz, 5 Hz for maxillary branch increased on the whole after the operation and the CPT for mandibular branch in the $A{\beta}$-fiber(2000 Hz) and C-fiber(5 Hz )after the operation increased statistically significantly. 2. For the groups of patients with medically compromised or its subsequent medicinal prescription, there were no significant differences before and after the implant operation and for the control groups, significantly high CPT was shown after the implant operation in the left $A{\beta}$-fiber(2000 Hz) and C-fiber(5 Hz). 3. In the comparison of the measured value of the CPT before the operation between the control group and the implant operation group, the latter group had a significantly high measured value of the CPT in the right $A{\beta}$-fiber(2000 Hz) and C-fiber(5 Hz) and there were significant differences in $A{\beta}$-fiber(2000 Hz) in the CPT assessment after the implant operation for the control group. 4. Male participants had higher CPT than female counterparts; however, there were no statistic significances. In the CPT evaluation before and after implant operation, there were no statistical differences in the male group while the right C-fiber(5 Hz) and left $A{\beta}$-fiber(2000Hz) were significantly high in the female group. 5. In the comparison between the group who complain sensory disturbance and the other group, the CPT increased on the whole in the former group, but there were no statistical significances. In the groups, whom there was an increase in VAS, the CPT after the implant operation in the right C-fiber(5 Hz) increased significantly; meanwhile, in case that the VAS mark was '0' before and after the operation, the CPT after the operation in the left $A{\beta}$-fiber(2000 Hz) increased significantly. This study suggested that the CPT measurements using $Neurometer^{(R)}$ CPT/C, provide useful information of objective and quantitative sensory disturbances for tooth implantation.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.35-52
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• 2019

As public services are provided in various forms, including e-government, the level of public demand for public service quality is increasing. Although continuous measurement and improvement of the quality of public services is needed to improve the quality of public services, traditional surveys are costly and time-consuming and have limitations. Therefore, there is a need for an analytical technique that can measure the quality of public services quickly and accurately at any time based on the data generated from public services. In this study, we analyzed the quality of public services based on data using process mining techniques for civil licensing services in N city. It is because the N city's building license complaint service can secure data necessary for analysis and can be spread to other institutions through public service quality management. This study conducted process mining on a total of 3678 building license complaint services in N city for two years from January 2014, and identified process maps and departments with high frequency and long processing time. According to the analysis results, there was a case where a department was crowded or relatively few at a certain point in time. In addition, there was a reasonable doubt that the increase in the number of complaints would increase the time required to complete the complaints. According to the analysis results, the time required to complete the complaint was varied from the same day to a year and 146 days. The cumulative frequency of the top four departments of the Sewage Treatment Division, the Waterworks Division, the Urban Design Division, and the Green Growth Division exceeded 50% and the cumulative frequency of the top nine departments exceeded 70%. Higher departments were limited and there was a great deal of unbalanced load among departments. Most complaint services have a variety of different patterns of processes. Research shows that the number of 'complementary' decisions has the greatest impact on the length of a complaint. This is interpreted as a lengthy period until the completion of the entire complaint is required because the 'complement' decision requires a physical period in which the complainant supplements and submits the documents again. In order to solve these problems, it is possible to drastically reduce the overall processing time of the complaints by preparing thoroughly before the filing of the complaints or in the preparation of the complaints, or the 'complementary' decision of other complaints. By clarifying and disclosing the cause and solution of one of the important data in the system, it helps the complainant to prepare in advance and convinces that the documents prepared by the public information will be passed. The transparency of complaints can be sufficiently predictable. Documents prepared by pre-disclosed information are likely to be processed without problems, which not only shortens the processing period but also improves work efficiency by eliminating the need for renegotiation or multiple tasks from the point of view of the processor. The results of this study can be used to find departments with high burdens of civil complaints at certain points of time and to flexibly manage the workforce allocation between departments. In addition, as a result of analyzing the pattern of the departments participating in the consultation by the characteristics of the complaints, it is possible to use it for automation or recommendation when requesting the consultation department. In addition, by using various data generated during the complaint process and using machine learning techniques, the pattern of the complaint process can be found. It can be used for automation / intelligence of civil complaint processing by making this algorithm and applying it to the system. This study is expected to be used to suggest future public service quality improvement through process mining analysis on civil service.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.24-36
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• 2014

The result of the research conducted for the purpose of investigating the semantic value and the layout of the Cheongryu Gugok of Dorimsa Valley, which exhibits a high level of completeness and scenic preservation value among the three gugoks distributed in the area around Mt. Dongak of Gogseong is as follows.4) The area around Cheongryu Gugok shows a case where the gugok culture, which has been enjoyed as a model of the Neo-Confucianism culture and bedrock scenery, such as waterfall, riverside, pond, and flatland, following the beautiful valley, has been actually substituted, and is an outstanding scenery site as stated in a local map of Gokseong-hyeon in 1872 as "Samnam Jeil Amban Gyeryu Cheongryu-dong(三南第一巖盤溪流 淸流洞: Cheongryu-dong, the best rock mooring in the Samnam area)." Cheongryu Gugok, which is differentiated through the seasonal scenery and epigrams established on both land route and waterway, was probably established by the lead of Sun-tae Jeong(丁舜泰, ?~1916) and Byeong-sun Cho(曺秉順, 1876~1921) before 1916 during the Japanese colonization period. However, based on the fact that a number of Janggugiso of ancient sages, such as political activists, Buddhist leaders, and Neo-Confucian scholars, have been established, it is presumed to have been utilized as a hermit site and scenery site visited by masters from long ago. Cheongryu Gugok, which is formed on the rock floor of the bed rock of Dorimsa Valley, is formed in a total length of 1.2km and average gok(曲) length of 149m on a mountain type stream, which appears to be shorter compared to other gugoks in Korea. The rock writings of the three gugoks in Mt. Dongak, such as Cheongryu Gugok, which was the only one verified in the Jeonnam area, total 165 in number, which is determined to be the assembly place for the highest number of rock writings in the nation. In particular, a result of analyzing the rock writings in Cheongryu Gugok totaling 112 places showed 49pieces(43.8%) with the meaning of 'moral training' in epigram, 21pieces (18.8%) of human life, 16pieces(14.2%) of seasonal scenery, and 12pieces(10.6%) of Janggugiso such as Jangguchur, and the ratio occupied by poem verses appeared to be six cases(3.6%). Sweyeonmun(鎖烟門), which was the first gok of land route, and Jesiinganbyeolyucheon(除是人間別有天) which was the ninth gok of the waterway, corresponds to the Hongdanyeonse(虹斷烟鎖) of the first gok and Jesiinganbyeolyucheon of the ninth gok established in Jaecheon, Chungbuk by Se-hwa Park(朴世和, 1834~1910), which is inferred to be the name of Gugok having the same origin. In addition, the Daeeunbyeong(大隱屛) of the sixth gok. of land route corresponds to the Chu Hsi's Wuyi-Gugok of the seventh gok, which is acknowledged as the basis for Gugok Wollim, and the rock writings and stonework of 'Amseojae(巖棲齋)' and 'Pogyeongjae(抱經齋)' between the seventh gok and eighth gok is a trace comparable with Wuyi Jeongsa(武夷精舍) placed below Wuyi Gugok Eunbyeon-bong, which is understood to be the activity base of Cheongryu-dong of the Giho Sarim(畿湖士林). The rock writings in the Mt. Dongak area, including famous sayings by masters such as Sunsaeuhje(鮮史御帝, Emperor Gojong), Bogahyowoo(保家孝友, Emperor Gojong), Manchunmungywol(萬川明月, King Joengjo), Biryeobudong(非禮不動, Chongzhen Emperor of the Ming Dynasty)', Samusa(思無邪, Euijong of the Ming Dynasty), Baksechungpwoong(百世淸風, Chu Hsi), and Chungryususuk-Dongakpungkyung(淸流水石 動樂風景, Heungseon Daewongun) can be said to be a repository of semantic symbolic cultural scenery, instead of only expressing Confucian aesthetics. In addition, Cheongryu Gugok is noticeable with its feature as a cluster of cultural scenery of the three religions of Confucian-Buddhism-Taoism, where the Confucianism value system, Buddhist concept, and Taoist concept co-exists for mind training and cultivation. Cheongryu Gugok has a semantic feature and spatial character as a basis for history and cultural struggle for the Anti-Japan spirit that has been conceived during the process of establishing and utilizing the spirit of the learning, loyalty for the Emperor and expulsion of barbarians, and inspiration of Anti-Japan force, by inheriting the sense of Dotong(道統) of Neo-Confucianism by the Confucian scholar class at the end of the Joseon era that is represented by Ik-hyun Choi(崔益鉉, 1833~1906), Woo Jeon(田愚, 1841~1922), Woo-man Gi(奇宇萬, 1846~1916), Byung-sun Song(宋秉璿, 1836~1905), and Hyeon Hwang(黃玹, 1855~1910).