• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.793-801
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• 2002

The effects of ambient air temperature on the clothing ventilation were investigated numerically by a finite difference method. Numerical analysis using a 2-dimensional model comprising the air space between the skin and the clothing was conducted under the assumption that the clothing ventilation occurred only through the openings not through the fabric. The larger the temperature difference between the skin and the surroundings, the more apparent the thermal boundary layer As the ambient air temperature decreased, the air flow and the rate of the return of oxygen concentration to the atmosphere level in the clothing increased. Convection was dominant under low ambient air temperature, whereas conduction was dominant under high ambient air temperature. The ventilation rate was faster in the clothing microenvironment of the body part than that of the arm part.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1700-1709
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between thermo-physiological factors and the insensible loss of body weight(IL) of resting women wearing seasonal comfortable clothing. Air temperature was maintained at a mean of 22.5, 24.7, and 16.8 for spring/fall, summer and winter, respectively. We selected a total of 26 clothing ensembles(8 ensembles for spring/fall, 7 ensembles for summer, and 11 ensembles for winter). The results showed that 1) IL was $19{\pm}5g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for spring/fall environment, $21{\pm}5g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for summer, $18{\pm}6{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for winter(p<.001). 2) Insensible water loss through respiratory passage(IWR) showed the reverse tendency to IL. IWR was $6{\pm}1g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for winter and $5{\pm}1g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr$ for summer. This difference was significant(p<.001). 3) The proportion of IWR out of whole insensible water loss(IW), had a mean of the mean 28% for summer and 38% for winter(p<.001). 4) In comfort, the heat loss by IW out of heat production had a mean of 25% for spring/fall, 27% for summer, and 23% for winter. 5) There was a weak negative correlation between It and clothing insulation/body surface area covered by clothing. 6) There were significant correlations between IL and air temperature$(T_a)$, air humidity$(H_a)$, energy metabolism, ventilation, mean skin temperature $\={T}_{sk})$ and clothing microclimate humidity$(H_{clo})$. However, the coefficients were less than 0.5. In conclusion, there were weak relationships between the IL and thermo-physiological factors. However, when subjects rested in thermal comfort, the IL was maintained in a narrow range even though the clothing insulation and air temperature were diverse.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.229-237
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• 1998

The ventilation efficiency of clothing was investigated by a trace gas method using a manikin wearing an impermeable overall under an isothermal condition, where the ventilation occurred only through the openings by diffusion. The ventilation patterns were different for each part of the body. The ventilation efficiency in the clothing microenvironment of the arm and the leg greatly depended on the distance from each opening when the wrist- or the ankle-opening was opened. When both side of wrist- or ankle-openings were opened to provide the opening area double respectively, the ventilation efficiency did not correspondingly increase twice, as compared one side opened. Even though it as certainly affected by the opening area, the ventilation efficiency was more significantly influenced by the position of openings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1387-1395
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• 1997

Effects of the ambient air temperature and the opening position on the pattern of the clothing ventilation of a thermal manikin wearing an impermeable blouse were investigated by the trace gas method. Under an isothermal condition, the ventilation was governed by diffusion, and the ventilation rate through the wrist-openings was greatly affected by the distance from the openings. Under non-isothermal conditions, however, the ventilation was accelerated by the convection driven by the temperature gradient between the clothing microclimate and the surrounding air; the greater the temperature gradient, the greater the ventilation. Even though it was certainly affected by the ambient air temperature, the ventilation rate was more significantly influenced by the position of openings. The ventilation patterns at the arm and the body were distinctive.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.660-667
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• 2000

Clothing ventilation was investigated using a manikin wearing an impermeable overall under an isothermal condition, in which the ventilation occurred only through the openings. The ventilation volume was estimated by both microenvironment volume and ventilation rate, where, the microenvironment volume was measured by an air subsitution method and the ventilation rate by a trace gas method. Microenvironment volume of the experimental garment was about 21.0 liters. Even though it was certainly affected by the distance from the opening, the ventilation rate was more significantly influenced by the opening area and the shape of air layer in the clothing. The volume of air exchange in the clothing microenvironment was affected greatly by the microenvironment volume and the opening area, and it was different for each part of the body with bigger air exchange volume in the microenvironment of the leg as compared to that of the arm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.836-847
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• 2022

This study establishes basic data for the development of a new Chemical, Biological, and Radioactive (CBR) protective clothing by selecting the ventilation position to optimize thermal comfort on the basis of the opening and closing of each part. Participants were eight men in their 20s who had previously worn CBR protective clothing. After vigorous exercise and perspiration, the microclimate of the clothing and skin temperature was measured. Results revealed that when the ventilation zipper was opened after exercising, the skin and clothing microclimate temperatures, which had increased during the exercise, decreased in the chest and shoulder blade regions. The clothing microclimate humidity decreased in the chest area. The change was greatest in the chest region; the skin temperature decreased by 0.2℃, the clothing microclimate temperature by 2.7℃, and the clothing microclimate humidity by 3.2%RH through ventilation. Thus, the opening that allows the exchange of accumulated heat and moisture while wearing the CBR protective clothing is efficient.