• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

Commercial inocula and mature compost were added separately to food wastes in order to compare the inoculating effect on garbage decomposition. Among commercial inocula available in the market, GM (Green Microorganisms) and EM (Effective Microorganisms) were selected as test inocula. Garbage decompostion were evaluated in Volatile Solid (VS) reduction and FDA (Fluorescein DiAcetate) hydrolysis activity. VS reduction with mature compost experiment was higher than that with GM-added one. VS reduction rates were about 32% with mature compost and 27% with GM. When food wastes were treated with GM and EM based on the manufacturer's specifications, GM-added and EM-added food wastes showed only 8% and 9% of VS reduction respectively, which are much lower than those with the mature compost. FDA hydrolysis activity increased during the first 10 days of active composting periods for the composting experiments, while it decreased continuously for the experiments based on manufacturer's specifications.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 1994

Garbage composting was studied in a controlled batch reactor with the addition of cooked rice as a biodegradable carbon source to find the effect of C/N ratio control on composting. And composting of bulking agents such as sawdust and wheat straw were tested with the addition of ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source. As expected, biodegradation of the garbage having low C/N ratio was improved to some extent when foreign carbon was added. But bulking agents used in this study exerted slightly biodegradable carbon potential, indicating that the estimation of the dose of additional carbon considering desirable C/N ratio was not reasonable when lignocellulosic bulking material was added to garbage. It was found that the optimum moisture content increased with sawdust addition meaning the C/N ratio increment. Considering the above results, it was suggested that 78g sawdust per 100g garbage should be mixed to make C/N ratio to 25 and moisture content to 56% for effective composting of the garbage studied in this paper.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 1996

The heavy metal concentration in mixed and separately collected household food waste, and their compost during the composting period was analysed. The mixed and separately collected food waste had Cd content of 8 mg/kg in spring and its content of 13 mg/kg in winter respectively. Its content was higher than by-product compost limit value(5 mg Cd/kg). Cd concentration in separately collected food waste in a house was higher in January, February, April and May than by-product compost limit value (5 mg Cd/kg). When Cd concentration in the initial composting material was higher than 5 mg/kg, its concentration in the compost of household food waste during the composting period was higher than by-product compost limit value, but it was not accumulated in the compost during the composting period. Fly ash was added to separately collected household food waste to adjust its moisture content for composting. Its addition had moisture conditioning and Cd concentration reducing effect in the compost. The average one month composted fresh compost from the mixed collected household food waste was matured in a pile out of doors for 7 months with turning the pile once a month and its heavy metal concentration was examined. Accumulation of the heavy metals in the compost did not occur during the composting period, because they were washed out during the rainfall.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2000

The objective of study was to evaluate the apropriate maturity indices for garbage composting using sawdust as bulking agent. Materials used in this study were the average composition garbage(G20) and garbage conditioned by sawdust(GS30, GS50) and cereals(GSC30). Indices for evaluating maturity were VS, water soluble TOC, polysaccharide, Humification Index(HI), and E4/E6. Experiment results showed that VS reduction was the most desirable index for evaluating compost maturity except for the GS50 which were conditioned with high sawdust Water soluble TOC decreased rapidly during the composting of first one month and then little changed. Therefore, water soluble TOC was recommended as maturity index. Polysaccharide was considered as a maturity index in case of garbage conditioned with sawdust and high cereals. Humification Index(HI) and E4/E6 were available as maturity indices in case of only some garbage composting so additional study was needed to confirm them as maturity indices for all garbage composting. Correlation analysis indicated that indices for evaluating maturity of garbage(about 30 C/N ratio) adding sawdust as bulking agent and high cereals, were VS reduction, water soluble TOC, polysaccharide, and E4/E6.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2003

To explore the effective treatment methods for waste food generating malodor compounds, mixed microorganisms (MM) capable of deodorizing of domestic animal waste were applied using household composting box. The mixture of 5 kg whole chips as a bulk agent, 2 kg MM and 1 kg of waste food were input into the compost reactor and agitated. Waste food was supplemented every 24 hours. As the results, the composting volume was stable at 13∼14 L for 10 days. In the initial compost process with MM, the pH and temperature were increased more quickly than that of without MM. Also, the conductivity recognized as a barometer of compost was increased from 0.2 to 2.4 mS/cm that was higher than 1.3 mS/cm of without MM, for 10 days. The malodor compounds generated from waste food treatment such as sulfur compounds and volatile fatty acids were effectively reduced about 90∼l00%, and 70∼80% for 8 days, respectively. The microorganisms growing under the condition of alkaline phase and higher temperature were dominated during the compost Moreover, it was demonstrated that inoculated Bacillus cereus HY15 dominated during the compost results in responsible to the effective treatment of waste food.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1997

This study was conducted to analysis citizen's attitude and style to the foodwaste from l0th Sept. to 30th Sept. in 1996. The research was used questionare method and analysis was used prequency analysis and cross table method by SPSS (scientific statistics). The foodwaste of householdwaste account for 24.8%, and the magnitude by the kinds of garbage were waste from pre-cocking stage, fruitshell, foodwaste remained after eating, septic foodwaste during storage. The more the housewives'age are young, foodwaste volumne were much. Most remained foodwaste after eating were soup and pot stew. The main cause of foodwaste production was overvolumne cooking. 88.8% of answers think that a menu can be useful to reduce foodwaste. The survey showed that 87.3% of answers put into the meter-rate bag after removed wetness of garbage. 84.1% of answers thought that the recycling of foodwaste needed, but the practical housewife was only 21%. For the suitable treatment of foodwaste, Survey showed that the consistent policy of goverment and continuous publicity was needed essentially, and that the public notice of TV or radio was effective. All of answers would like to participate in recycling of foodwastes whether public-posting or personal-posting. To set up vessel of posting at household, the proper purchase price and space of institution are needed, also the solution of sanitory & aesthetic problem and the collection of composting-product must be achieved smoothly.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1997

This study was conducted to analysis citizen's attitude and style to the foodwaste from loth Sept. to 30th Sept. in 1996. The research was used questionare method and the analysis was used prequency analysis and cross table method by SPSS (scientific statistics). they answered that the most serious environment problem was waste problem and the best way to settle waste problem was to reduce waste production itself. And they answered that to settle environment problems, it was most important for us to change our life style. But It was not agreed between consciousness and action(execution). Because most of the food-related waste was among household waste, it's settlement was the most importment thing than any other. Nevertheless the seperation of waste was essential to effective incineration, the seperation process was not actually conducted and only a few housewife knew the difference of incinerable and non-incinerable waste. The recycling for the disused dry-cells and garbage is not completly. But we think that if the effective government's recycling counterplan for wastes, foodwaste or wasted dry cell, etc., is estabilished, rates of seperation and collection was increasing. Much usuage of onetime vinyl bag for shopping was become the one of the main cause in increasing the package waste, and so it was needed to use the longlife shopping basket.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1155-1161
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• 2000

본 연구는 환경친화적 음식문화를 개발하고 보급하기 위한 프로그램을 개발하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고, 음식물 쓰레기 감소를 통한 환경정책과 프로그램을 개발하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 울산광역시에 거주하고 있는 주부와 조리사를 대상으로 하여 식단작성부터 식품구매, 조리 음식먹기 및 남은 음식물 처분에 이르기까지 음식소비의 전과정에서 음식물쓰레기를 감소시키기 위한 구체적 실천 전략인 환경 친화적 음식소비행동을 비교해 보았다. 이는 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 환경친화적 식품소비행동을 총체적으로 보면 조리사는 주부에 비하여 더 환경친화적으로 식품을 소비하고 있었다. 조리사는 먹는 사람의 의견을 고려하고, 제철 식품위주로 식단을 작성하고, 계획적으로 식품을 구매하고, 사온 식품을 바로 손질하고, 저울과 계량컵을 사용하여 정확한 양의 음식을 만들고, 가족 행상 음식을 뷔폐식으로 준비하고, 남은 음식을 필요한 사람에게 즉 시 준다는 면에서는 더 환경친화적이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 세부문항별로 볼 때 주부는 식품포장 단위가 큰 경우 이웃과 공동구매하고, 남은 음식은 1회 정도 먹을 분량씩 포장하면 냉동보관하고, 음식재료가 싸더라도 많이 사지 않는다는 면에서 조리사에 비하여 더 환경친화적이라고 할 수 있다. 먹는 사람의 수 보다 넉넉하게 식품 구입, 가능한 적은 포장단위로 구입, 채소를 다듬을 때 버리는 양이 많음, 각종 행상 음식을 먹고 남을 정도로 넉넉하게 준비, 야채 자투리, 배추 우거지, 파뿌리, 멸치머리, 북어머리, 닭뼈 등은 국물을 만드는데 이용, 국이나 찌개를 함께 준비, 국이나 찌재의 국물의 양은 넉넉하게 주문, 여러 가지의 반찬 준비, 덜어 먹는 상차림 준비, 외식할 때 남을 정도로 넉넉하게 주문, 외식할 때 남은 음식 싸옴, 냉장고에 보관하다 버리는 음식 및 재료가 많음, 음식은 부족하지않고 남을 정도 준비등은 조리사와 주부간에 의미 있는 차이가 보이지 않았다. 환경친화적 음식소비행동은 성별, 결혼여부 및 교육수준에 따라서는 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 남자와 미혼 은 모두 조리사이므로 주부를 제외한 조리사만을 선택하여 성별과 결혼여부에 따라 환경친화적 음식소비 행동의 차이를 알아보기 위한 결과 역시 차이를 보이지 않았다. 환경친화적 음식소비행동은 연령, 월평균소득 및 엥겔계수와 의미 있는 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 조리사와 주부는 음식을 소비하는 전 과정에서 가장 많이 관여하고 있는 집단이다. 그런데 조리사와주부 모두 전반적으로 환경친화적 음식소비행동의 수준이 높지 않음으로 합리적인 식생활문화를 생활화 할 수 있도록 교육과 홍보가 필요하다고 본다. 주부의 경우 유치원이나 어린이집, 초중고둥학교에서 하는 부모교육과 반상회의 홍보자료에 반상회의 홍보자료에 반드시환경친화적 음식소비행동에 관한 교육이 포함되어야 한다. 조리사의 경우 정기교육과정에 환경친화적 음식소비행동에 관한 홍보를 함께 함으로써 외식이나 단체급식에서 발행하는 음식물 쓰레기의 양을 줄 일 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1996

Qualititative changes in water extracts during food waste composting were studied in order to identify parameters that can be used as indicaters of compost maturity. Materials used in this study were food wastes, office paper, newspaper and leaves. Three different compositions of food wastes were used : average composition food waste generated in Korea, a high cereal (carbohydrate) content food waste and a high meat (protein) content food waste. Experimental results indicated that parameters which can be used for compost maturity evaluation were water soluble TOC and water soluble $C_{org}/N_{org}$ ratio. In case of water soluble TOC, it is considered as one of the most desirable parameters, since it showed quite distinct decrease pattern than any other parameters. The $C_{org}/N_{org}$ ratio in the water extracts can also be considered as a appropriate index of the compost maturity since this ratio reached a narrow range (5~6) at the end of composting process regardless of initial raw waste compositions. Water soluble TKN was undesirable parameter as a compost maturity index. The ammonia nitrogen content in water extracts varied considerably during composting process, but finally reached a range of 0.067, 0.085% based on dry compost.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge mixture using anaerobic system. The Biochemical methane Potentials of cabbage and food waste were $297ml\;CH_4/g$ VS and $306.7ml\;CH_4/g$ VS, respectively. The biodegradability of food waste was 60%. The concentrations of acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate produced during the aerobic acidogenesis of food waste for 36 hours were 7,000~7,200 ppm, 260~280 ppm, 380~400 ppm, and 40~50 ppm, respectively, of which acetate was over 85%. The concentrations of acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate produced during the anaerobic acidogenesis for 36 hours were 1,400~1,600 ppm, 30~40 ppm, 220~250 ppm, and 260~300 ppm, respectively, of which acetate was over 70%. The biodegradabilities of aerobic and anaerobic acidogenesis were 30% and 25%, respectively. Methanogensis could be activated under 1 % of NaCl and 1,000 ppm of volatile fatty acids at the range of pH 6.8~7.2. The maximum mixture ratio of food waste and sewage sludge in the present study was 2:8 by the result of VS removal rate and Methane production.