• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 1995

Feeding activites during nestling period of Coal tit (Parus ater) were studied at breeding sites in Mt. Chiri. The average feeding frequency per hour of female Coal tit exceeded that of the male. The average excrement-cleaning frequency per hour of female exceeded that of male, with a longer feed duration. The feeding frequency per hour was generally higher in the morning, and the female exceeded the male in the frquency. It is shown that male of the Coal tit in nestling period played a major role in territorial defense compared with female.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.36 no.8 s.418
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• pp.82-86
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• 2004

육계사업의 성공 3요소는 적당한 시기선택, 장소, 병아리 확보이며, 육계사육 농가는 3가지 선택을 잘해야 사육에 성공할 수 있다. 종자(품종), 적절한 사육환경(관리), 병아리 선택 등이다. 제품은 고객의 취향에 따라 선택되어진다. 그러나 병아리에서는 예외의 경우가 빈번하다. 기상이변에 따른 재해, 종계의 질병 발생에 의한 생산차질로 생긴 품귀현상 때문이다. 문제는 여기서부터 시작이다. 문제발생 이면에는 반드시 보이거나 또는 전혀 보지 못한 원인이 있게 마련이다. 불량추(일명 약추) 발생은 자연적 현상이 아닌 종계과정과 부화 전 과정 어디에선가에 문제요인이 생성되어 나타난 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 적게는 수백에서 부화 전 과정 어디에선가에 문제요인이 생성되어 나타난 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 적게는 수백에서 많게는 수만, 수십만의 생명체인 병아리 생산에 뒤따르는 부작용이 질적 시비는 그 발생 빈도와 양을 줄일 수 있어도 이를 완전히 없애는 것은 부화업자의 간절한 요망사항에 그칠지 모른다. 부화업 경영자와 전문부화기술자를 가장 곤혹스럽게 만드는 양계 육추$\cdot$육성농가의 한결같은 항의와 분노는 대개 아래와 같은 요인에 의해 나타나는데, 이들 요인을 요약, 정리하면 다음과 같다.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.27 no.9 s.311
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• pp.163-169
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• 1995

본 연구는 우리나라 고유의 재래닭을 수집하여 유전적 특성에 따른 계통을 육성하고 그 능력을 검정하므로서 재래닭 육용화사업의 기초계로 활용하기 위하여 1994년 6월 10일 수집된 종란의 입란을 시작으로 1994년 7월 1일 재래닭 기초세대 3계통 2,677수와 로드종 411수 및 나고야종 234수, 총 3,322수를 입식하여 능력검정을 실시하였으며 26주령까지의 중간성적을 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1)수정율 재래닭 평균의 $90.28{\%}$로 로드종이나 나고야종보다 높았으며 그 중 황갈색계통이 $91.01{\%}$ 로 가장 높았다. (2)부화율은 재래닭 평균이 $68.68{\%}$로 그리높은 편은 아니었으나 로드종이나 나고야종보다는 높았으며 황갈색계통이$69.46{\%}$로 그 중 가장 높았다. (3)육추율은 재래닭 평균이 $96.64{\%}$로 로드종과 비슷한 성적을 보였으며 흑색계통이 다소 낮았고 적갈색 및 황갈색계통은 $97.58{\%}$,$97.94{\%}$로 높았다. (4)육성율은 재래닭 평균이 $98.61{\%}$로 로드종과 비슷하였으며 계통간에도 별 차이없이 고른 성적을 보였다. (5)육성기 발육성적은 4주, 8주, 12주 및 16주 체중에서 재래닭 평균이 각각 235.31g, 640.16g, 1,002.47g 및 1,242.43g 으로 나타났으며 전기간에 걸쳐 흑색계통이 비교적 높은 경향이었다. (6)시산일령은 재래닭 평균이 154.15일로서 로드종보다는 약 12일 정도 늦었으며 재래닭 계통간에는 서로 별 차이를 보이지 않았다. (7)시산시난중은 재래닭 평균이 35.15g으로 로드종에 비해서는 약 35.83g 으로 타계통보다 다소 무거웠다.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.249-255
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• 2008

The experiment was conducted to determine effect of the mixed herbal medicine for the substitution of antibiotics on the performance of laying hens. Day old hyline 1,500 layer chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments. Control were 600 chicks and there were three treatments of each 300 chicks. The 4 treatments were as follows: the mixed herbal medicine 0.1%(T-1), 0.3%(T-2) and 0.5%(T-3) after removed antibiotics on commercial feed and commercial feed( control) from 5th week to 13th week, each treatment was replicated 3 times and from 14th week to 18th week. Each 100 hens of the mixed herbal medicine 0.1%(CT-1), 0.3%(CT-2) and 0.5%(CT-3) were moved to cage. Body weight were measured on 4th, 8th, 13th week and feed intake, mortality were measured on every weeks. Body weight at fourth week, all treatments tended to be higher than control and T-3 statistically was highest(p<0.01). On 8th week, also treatments statistically high and T-1 was highest(p<0.01). But 12th week, there was not significantly different among treatments. Therefore it will be possible that the mixed herbal medicine substitute for antibiotics after vaccination. Mortality was not different between treatment and control overall rearing period. Early laying period($19{\sim}41wk$), T-2 showed highest feed intake(107.1g) among treatments, later laying period($42{\sim}77wk$), T-1 showed highest feed intake(134.3g) and was not any different among each treatments.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2020

Our study was conducted to examine the nest attendance of the Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) from 2015 to 2018 at two Islets located in Incheon, South Korea. We visited study sites in March-April and set up the remote sensor cameras at two breeding sites (Mae-do, Guji-do) to observe chick-rearing behavior. Mean nest bout length at Mae-do (female: 4.2 ± 0.1 hr, male: 4.0 ± 0.1 hr) was shorter than at Guji-do (female: 5.3 ± 0.2, male: 6.0 ± 0.3 hr), and trip duration at Mae-do (female: 4.4 ± 0.1 hr, male: 4.0 ± 0.1) was also shorter than at Guji-do (female: 7.0 ± 0.2 hr, male: 7.0 ± 0.3). Mean nest bout length and trip duration at both study sites decreased as chick rearing progressed. Males attended their nests during the daytime, and females attended their nests during the nighttime. Our results showed that females and males' duties were divided by the diel cycle, but the pattern of nest attendance could change depending on the environment of their breeding sites during the chick-rearing period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.21-32
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• 1992

This paper is studied on the concept of environmental cognition on accordance with the oriental(especially Buddhism) process of thinking. The Yeongiron(theroy : one of th most famous philosophy of Buddhism, the theory of cause and occasion) consists of the upgam-yeongi, the aroeyasik-yeongi, the chinyeo-yeongi and the pupkye-yeongi. And the concept of these theory are as follows: The conceptural elements of upgam-yeongi consist of sack(色), soo(受), sand(想), hand(行), sik(識). The elements connects with the western environmental psychology such as sack and objects, soo and stimuli, sand and perception, hand and cognition, sik and behavior. Similarly, aroeyasik-yeongi that consist of sangbun(相分), kyunbun(見分), chajungbun(自證分), chungjajungbun(證自證分) connects with objects, perception, cognition, behavior too. The chinyeo-yeongi divide into smase(三細) and yukchu(육추), the samse consist of mumyungupsang(無 明業相), nungyunsand(能見相), kyungyesand(境界相) and the yukchu consist of chisang(智相), sangsoksang(相續相), chipchisang(執取相), kyemyungjasang(計明字相), kiupsang(起業相), upgyegosang(業繫苦相). These elements are relates with the concept of western environmental psychology from objects to behavior too. Pupkye-yeongi represent a characteristic of objects itself rather than a process of environmental cognition. However this study has limitations that the religion and scientific methods should be compare. sack(色) : an elements of it's derivation, all kinds of material soo(受) : a function of reception, feeling sang(想) : a representation of a thought in the mind hang(行) : mental operation sik(識) : a function of judgement sangbun(相分) : the thing in itself kyunbun(見分) : a reflection in the mind chajungbun(自證分) : confirmation of kyunbun chungjajungbyn(證自證分) : self-consciousness through self-examination mumyungupsang(無明業相) : a state of mixture with the object and the subject nungyunsang(能見相) : an operation of the subject kyungyesang(境界相) : a formation of object chisang(智相) : the beginning of distinction sangsoksang(相續相) : a judgement chipchisang(執取相) : a rsponse kiupsang(起業相) : have a influence to the next behavior upgyegosang(業界苦相) : retribution

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.397-401
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• 2011

This study was conducted to clarify the breeding ecology of tits Parus spp. used artificial nest boxes in a deciduous forest at the Ansung Campus, Chung-Ang University from March through July, 2006 to 2010. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major bred in artificial nest boxes during our study period. There were no differences in number of breeding bird pairs among different entrance diameters of artificial nest boxes. The number of breeding pairs of great tits was the most highest among tits and that of varied tits was the least. Great tits mainly used 40 mm and 35 mm artificial nest box entrance diameter and marsh tits preferred 30 mm entrance diameter. In three tits species, there were differences in first egg date, clutch size, brood size, egg incubation period, nestling care period and breeding success among study years. It is needed the study on long-term ecological research about breeding ecology of tits related with habitat conditions.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.255-269
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• 1999

Background: The author investigated the structural theory of the mind, the origin of psychopathology, the resolving stage of the psychopathology, and nature of the true mind in the human mind. Methods: The author reviewed the "Awakening of Faith in the Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na" by Mamyung and "The Commentary on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith" and "Expository Notes on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith" by Wonhyo. Results: The author of the Treatise insisted on believing the true mind in the human being. Also in the treatise, $\bar{A}$layavijn$\bar{a}$na explained the harmonized mind of the true mind and the ignorant mind. The ignorant mind as the source of fundamental ignorance, which results in peripheral ignorance arising from the ego in relation with the external world Also, he explains the origin of ignorance and encourages to abandon the deep attachment to ignorance. The developing and resolving stages of ignorance are similar to the developing and resolving stage of psychopathology. Conclusion: The author insists on the psychiatric application of the mind theory in the "Awakening of Faith in the Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na", "The Commentary on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith", and "Expository Notes on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith" Also, the author encourages deep faith of the true human mind.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.27
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• pp.39-61
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• 2009

Numerous Researches on the Buddhist perspective of Wonhyo agree that the Mind is the core principle of Wonhyo's Buddihist perspective. Based on prior research, this paper identifies the philosophy of Mind-only(vijñaptimātratā) in the broader perspective, that is, "Mind is the first principle of the existence", as the core thought of Wonhyo. The objective of this paper is to reorganize the systematic theories of consciousness, one of the principle sectors of Wonhyo's philosophy of vijñaptimātratā. One can find most systematic texts of consciousness of Wonhyo in 『GiSilRonSo』 and 『GiSilRonByeolGi』. Although 『GeumGang SamMaeGyeongRon』 includes some interpretations of consciousness, it is difficult to formulate a consistent structure based on it. Beside tā.JangEui』, which discusses the meaning of vijñaptimātratā centering around affliction, Wonhyo's opinion about important issues of vijñaptimātratā philosophy such as ālayavijñāna, permeation, bījadharma, and aspects of perception appears in fragments. Thus, this paper focuses on 『GiSilRonSo』 and 『GiSilRon ByeolGi』, Wonhyo's interpretation of 『Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith』(大乘起信論), as well as 『IJangEui』, 『PanBiRyangRon』 and 『Geum GangSamMaeGyeongRon』. The researcher examines how one-mind, tathāgatagarbha, and ālayavijñāna become the principles of 'neither arising nor ceasing'(不生滅) and 'arising and ceasing'(生滅) of all beings. The process of how one-mind develops mind in terms of the Absolute(心眞如門) and mind in terms of Phenomena(心生滅門) and its ontological structure are also investigated. In addition, the philosophical significance of Wonhyo's interpretation of tathāgatagarbha and ālayavijñāna analyzed. Besides, the method how various theories about vijñāna from Tathāgatagarbha's and Yogācāra's philosophy can be synthesized is examined based on Wonhyo's arguments. The four aspects of existence(caturākāra 四相) -arising(生), abiding(住), changing(異), and ceasing(滅)- which is transformed according to stages and dimensions of 'arising and ceasing', and phases of mind such as delusion of three fine states(三細) and six rough states(六麤), five consciousness(五意), and six defiled states(六染) are interpreted based on Tathāgatagarbha's and Yogācāra's philosophical system.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1986

The subject of this study was to obtain some genetic information for developing superior layer chickens. Heterosis and combining ability effects were estimated with 5,759 progenies of full diallel crosses of 6 strains in White Leghorn. Fertility, hatchability, brooder-house viability, rearing- house viability, laying-house viability, age at 1st egg laying, body weight at 1st egg laying, average egg weight, hen-day egg production, hen-housed egg production, and feed conversion were investigated and analyzed into heterosis effect, general combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effect by Grilling's model I. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The general performance of each traits was 94.76% in fertility, 74.05% in hatchability, 97.47% in brooder-house viability, 99.72% in rearing-house viability, 93.81% in laying-house viability, 150 day in the age at 1st egg laying, 1,505g in the body weight at 1st egg laying, 60.08g in average egg weight, 77.11% in hen-day egg production, 269.8 eggs in hen-housed egg Production, and 2.44 in feed conversion. 2. The heterosis effects were estimated to -0.66%, 9.58%, 0.26%, 1.83%, -3.87%, 3.63%, 0.96%, 4.23%, 6.4%, and -0.8%, in fertility, hatchability, brooder-house viability, laying-house viability, the age at 1st egg laying, the body weight at 1st egg laying, average egg weight, hen-day egg Production, hen-housed egg production and feed conversion, respectively. 3. The results obtained from analysis of combining ability were as follows ; 1) Estimates of general combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were not high in fertility. It was considered that fertility was mainly affected by environmental factors. In the hatchability, the general combining ability was more important than specific combining ability and reciprocal effects, and the superior strains were K and V which the additive genetic effects were very high. 2) In the brooder-house viability and laying-house viability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects appeared to be important and the combinations of K${\times}$A and A${\times}$K were very superior. 3) In the feed conversion and average egg weight, general combining ability was more important compared with specific combining ability and reciprocal effects. On the basis of combining ability the superior strains were F, K and B in feed conversion, F and B in the average egg weight. 4) General combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were important in the age at 1st egg laying and the combination of V ${\times}$F, F${\times}$K and B${\times}$F were very useful on the basis of these effects. In the body weight at 1st egg laying, general combining ability was more important than specific combining ability and reciprocal effects, relatively. The K, F and E strains were recommended to develop the light strain in the body weight at 1st egg laying. 5) General combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were important in the hen-day egg production and hen-housed egg production. The combinations of F${\times}$K, A${\times}$K, and K${\times}$A were proper for developing these traits. 4. In general, high general combining ability effects were estimated for hatchability, body weight at 1st egg laying, average egg weight, hen-day egg production, hen-housed egg production, and feed conversion and high specific combining ability effects for brooder-house viability, laying house viability, age at 1st egg laying, hen-day egg production and hen-housed egg production, and high reciprocal effects for the age at 1st egg laying.