• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.726-734
• /
• 2019

To understand the relationship between water velocity in a fishway and fish morphology, the fineness ratio of fish, expressed as the standard length to the body depth, was measured. The fineness ratios of fish groups belonging to Cyprinidae, Acheilognathinae, Centropomidae, and Centrachidae were relatively low. The FRs of other groups, excluding eel-shaped types of fish, were over 4.5, indicating streamlined structures. The fineness ratios of Korean fish were classified into three different types: type I was Bitterling-Carp group that favored a slow-flowing pool habitat(FRs ranged from 2.1 to 3.3), type II was the Chub group representing streamlined types (FRs FRs ranged from 3.7 to 5.2), and type III was the Smelt-Barbel fish group that preferred riffle-run habitats with high velocity (FRs is over 5.2). Fish abundance analysis of fish using the fishway during the experimental periods showed a relatively high abundance of both type II and III compared to type I. The FRs of the fish passing through fishway(velocity 0.5-1.0 m s^-1) ranged from 4.5 to 5.0, indicating that the fish using the fishway were mainly the streamlined type. As one of the standard fishways in Korea, the flow rate of the ice harbor type ranged from 0.2 to 2.6 m s^-1. The FR values of the fish groups using the fishway ranged from 4.3 to 5.0. In contrast, the flow rate measured in an artificial channel type of fishway (same as a natural type of fishway) ranged from 0.1 to 1.9 m s^-1 and the FR values for the fish groups using a natural type of fishway ranged from 3.3 to 5.3. The low FR values in natural fish are considered to be due to differences in the flow rates between the two types of fishways.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.314-324
• /
• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine differences of mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness and symphysial cross sectional area in 9 different horizontal and vertical facial types. Methods: By using the initial cephalometric radiographs of 270 adult patients (male 135, female 135), the authors measured the buccolingual thickness of anterior alveolar bone on the basis of the root axis and symphysial cross sectional distance. Results: The high angle group showed significantly thinner buccolingual alveolar bone width except for the CEJ area and lingual alveolar bone width ($p$ < 0.05). The low angle group and Class I, II average group showed similar or significantly thicker alveolar bone width than the Class I average group ($p$ < 0.05). The Class III average group showed significantly thinner buccolingual and lingual alveolar bone width than Class I and II average groups ($p$ < 0.05). The Class III high angle group showed minimal alveolar bone width in all facial skeletal types. No significant difference was found in the symphysial cross sectional area of the different vertical facial skeletal types ($p$ > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study found that Class III high angle patients have thinner mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness; therefore, more attention will be needed to determine the incisor position during orthodontic treatment for this group of patients.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.474-484
• /
• 2015

This study aims at providing exercisable basic data for the management of protection areas in China by investigating into their legal system such as current laws, regulations, other relevant laws and international treaties and the management system such as history, classification, organization, personnel, funds and main management work.. In People's Republic of China (1954), several laws have been enacted in succession, such as Environment Law (1989), Regulations of Natural Reserves (1994) and Land Management Methods of Natural Reserves (1995). The development process of China's natural reserves is divided into the following five phases. In the initial phase (1956-1965), about 20 natural reserves were established; in the lag phase (1966-1978), a part of the natural reserves was destroyed under the influence of the Great Cultural Revolution; in the development phase (1979-1998), a normative legal system began to appear after the reform and opening up; in the leap phase (1999-2006), the number of natural reserves increased dramatically; in the stable phase ( 2007-present), the protection and restoration of the ecological environment have been implemented, and the supervision and management have been strengthened. China has established natural reserves of national, provincial, municipal and county levels according to the relevant laws. According to the resource categories, natural reserves can be divided into natural ecosystem reserves, wildlife reserves and natural relic reserves. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of 1,958 natural reserves which account for 74.2 % of the total natural reserves in China. In China, there are 1,384 natural reserves (52.4 %) for which management institutions have been set up. 1,702 natural reserves (64.47 %) are equipped with management staff, showing a higher ratio than the natural reserves which have set up management institutions. China has established natural reserves of national level, provincial level, municipal level and county level according to law. According to the resource categories, natural reserves can be divided into natural ecosystem reserves, wildlife reserves, and natural relic reserves. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of 1,958 natural reserves which accounts for 74.2 % of the total natural reserves in China. In China, there are 1,384 natural reserves (52.4 %) which have set up management institutions. 1,702 natural reserves (64.47 %) are equipped with management staff with a higher ratio than the natural reserves which have set up management institutions.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.226-232
• /
• 2000

Purpose :This study was performed to find out the prognostic factors affecting local control in early glottic cancer treated with radiation therapy alone. Materials and Methods :We analysed 37 patients of histologically confirmed early glottic cancer treated at Chonnam National University Hospital between July Im and December 1995, retrospectively. Age of patients ranged from 30 to 73 years (median; 59 years). Thirty-five (95$\%$) patients were male. Histological type was all squamous cell carcinoma. According to the staging system of 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer, 37 patients were restaged as follows: Tla; U (73$\%$), Tlb; 3 (8$\%$), 72: 7 (19$\%$). Radiation therapy was done using 6 MV X-ray of linear accelerator The range of total radiation dose delivered to the glottic lesion was between 5,040 cGy and 7,020 cGy (median; 6,600 cGy). Median follow-up period was U months. local control rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Generalized Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference of control rates between comparable groups. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model was done to find out prognostic factors affecting local control. Results:5 year survival rate of 37 patients was 89$\%$. Local control rate of 37 patients was 74$\%$ in 5 years. We included age, 7-stage, anterior commissure involvement, fraction size, total radiation dose, treatment time of radiotherapy as potential prognostic factors in univariate and multivariate analysis. As a result, treatment time had statistical significance in local control rate in both univariate (p=0.026) and multivariate (p=0.017) analysis. Complication was not recorded except one patient with hypothyroidism. Conclusion :This study revealed that overall treatment time of radiation was a significant factor affecting local control rate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2019

A bridge is a structure constructed on water or in the air for convenient passage. Compared to other buildings, the building materials and structures of bridge required unique functions to cross the space. It depends on the productivity of the building, the level of science and technology, and the ecological environment of the building site. Also, it has important relationship with functions such as politics, military, economy, and life. Most of the academic research on bridges is focused on research in the field of bridge-building technology, so the study on the landscape aesthetics and history of bridges is lacking. Against this backdrop, the study will be valuable as a accumulation of both countries' understanding of bridge types, history and culture, as well as technical and aesthetic data, by analyzing the bridges located within the palaces of Korea and China. The research method is to analyze the bridge through field survey and literature analysis.. First, the bridges of royal palace of Korea and China are to be classified quantitatively as physical shapes, landscapes, and decorations by comparing the materials, forms, landscapes, and decorative culture of bridges. Second, characteristics, common points, and differences are extracted by classifying bridges of both countries. Also, the results are discussed based on the physical environment or cultural background. This would be worth cross-referencing in the building technology and aesthetics of the two countries. For the first important characteristics of result, main materials of Korean and Chinese palaces are stone. However, the bridge in China's royal palaces is also focused on wood. Second, in terms of form, the bridges in the royal gardens of Korea and China are all based on the beam bridge. However, the specific form, ratio, style of the beam bridge, and airspace of arched bridge are very different. Third, most of the connection methods are focused on the over bridge. It values the convergence with the surrounding landscape. Due to the difference in the area and location of water, the bridge in the Korean palace is more focused on the convergence of the surrounding buildings and plants, while the bridge in the Chinese palace is more concerned about the harmony of hydration. Fourth, the decoration places importance on the artistry and aesthetics of both the bridges in Korea and China. There is a difference in style in the same type of decoration due to culture.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.579-591
• /
• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the actual vegetation, the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of forest ecosystem in temperate northern climate zone, Daegwallyeong Ranch, Gangwon-do (Province) and to offer the basic data for planning of the forest managemant. As a result of analysis of actual vegetation, vegetation types divided into 56types and the area of survey site was $19,397,361m^2$. The ratio of vegetation type dominated by Quercus mongolica forest was 39.1%, primary grassland was 24.7%, Quercus mongolica-Deciduous broad-leaved forest was 11.3%. Twenty eight plots (size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which in one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into six groups which area community I (Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community), community II (Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community), community III (Quercus mongolica community), community IV (Quercus mongolica-Deciduous broad-leaved community), community V (Deciduous broad-leaved community), community VI (Sorbus alnifolia community). The age of community Iwas ranged from 57 to 62 years old, that of community IIwas ranged from 41 to 77 years old, community III was ranged from 47 to 108 years old, community IV was ranged from 47 to 82 years old, community V was 47 years old, community VI was 55 years old, thus we supposed that the age of the study site is about from 41 to 108 years old. The Ecological succession is predicted from Pinus densiflora community to Quercus mongolica community and Deciduous broad-leaved were distributed in the center of the valley in Daegwallyeong Ranch. According to the index of Shannon's diversity (unit: $400m^2$), community IV was ranged from 0.8203 to 1.1439, community III was ranged from 0.8019 to 1.1375, community V was 1.0993, community I was ranged from 0.9475 to 1.0797, community II was ranged from 0.6896 to 1.0324, community VI was 0.9909.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.95-117
• /
• 1999

1. Purpose of study There are many Constitution theories. But, In the Sasang Constitutional medicine, the theory and the practice are connected systematically. So it has been used in Korea popularly. Lee Je-Ma suggested that the external form, the mind, the symptom are the criteria of Sasang constitution diagnosis at the Discourse on the Four Principle and the Discourse on the Identifying Four Constitutions. But The clinical importance study of three diagnostic criteria - the external form, the mind, the symptom - has never been studied. Therefore, there are many obstacles of using the three diagnostic criteria totally. And I think that it needs a study which we apply the three diagnostic criteria to practice and approve the clinical importance of one another. I classify and investigate the previous methods of Sasang constitution diagnosis by the three diagnostic criteria in this study. 2. Method of study I investigate the previous methods of Sasang constitution diagnosis bibliographically by Dongyi Soose Bowon, Journal of Constitutional medicine and other books. 3. Result of study (1) Study of the external form The Study of Ki-sang(氣像) and Sa-ki(詞氣) by experience and intuition was done previously, and study of imaginay formulation of each constitution by measuring Chae-hyung(體形) and yong-mo(容貌) has being done recently. (2) Study of the mind For the objectification of study and diagnosis, self-reporting questionnaire has been used. The ideal choice to determine an indivisual constitution, as far as questionnaire go, is to take results from both the modified version Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire and QSCCII. (3) Study of the symptom For the study of the symptom - constitution symptom and constitution symptom of disease - the study of principles, the clinical study of the type of disease and symptom, the study which the pathologic view of Oriental medicine apply the view of Sasang Constitutional medicine have been done. We must try to objectfy Sasang Constitutional disease.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.1-20
• /
• 1997

Skeletal Class III malocclusions are growth-related discrepancies, and the problems are more severe until growth is complete. Causes of skeletal Class III malocclusion are classified into mandibular overgrowth, maxillary deficiency, and combination of the two. Face mask has been recommended for treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency in the early time of growth. Numerous experiments were performed and clinical studies have been reported on face mask ; nevertheless, studies on profile changes and stability after treatment of face mask are considered to be somewhat insufficient. The author selected 50 patients who can be checked for follow-up. They had been diagnosed as skeletal Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency and then treated with face mask ; the sample group was divided according to sex, treatment beginning age, palatal suture opening (intraoral appliance). For each group, changing pattern of facial profile and stability of treatment observed, and comparison with 20 Korean normal children(Angle's Class I). The following results were obtained. 1. skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements indicated more changes in the amounts of maxillary forward movement during face mask treatment. 2. R.P.E. group showed more significant maxillofacial changes and La-Li group showed more dental changes. 3. Growth changes of maxilla induced in the treatment group during wearing face mask were much more than those of normal group. 4. Growth changes of maxilla in the treatment group after treatment of face mask were less than those of normal group. From the obtained aata, it can be concluded that there was a stimulative effect on forward growth of maxilla during the use of face mask ; however, on removal of face mask, the stimulative effect was eliminated and undergrowth tendency of maxilla resumed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 2020

This study quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the physical environment for health promotion in urban parks by indicators that were selected in consideration of overseas cases and previous studies. To evenly distribute the areas to be evaluated by region, Seodaemun Independence Park, Hongneung Park, Gocheok Park, Sillim Park, Cheongdam Park, Gaepo Park, and Sungin Park were selected among the old neighborhood parks already established in Seoul. The evaluation indicators consist of quantitative indicators (12 factors classified into the three categories of the surrounding environment, the park characteristics, and the park facilities) and qualitative indicators (14 factors classified according to the five categories of accessibility, safety, convenience, activities, and amenities). These indicators were selected after conducting advisory meetings with experts in the field. The physical environment perception factors were evaluated by experts and investigators by field inspections and were rated on a three-point scale (high, medium, low). According to the results of the analysis, first, not only were exercise facilities and trails, but also various factors which support health activities, such as rest areas, leisure spots, and cultural facilities, as well as accessibility, cleanliness, and drinking water facilities are important indicators for health promotion. Second, even if the requirements are met for quantitative factors, several inconveniences hinder the actual implementation or use in the qualitative evaluation. Thus, both quantitative and qualitative evaluations must be simultaneously performed for the proper judging of the physical environment of a park. Third, upon conducting a qualitative evaluation of the physical environmental factors, score differences depended on the evaluated categories in each park. These differences show that indirect indicators, such as accessibility, safety, and facility convenience are insufficiently equipped compared to direct indicators, such as activity, which includes exercise facilities and fitness centers for health promotion. As the utilization rate of parks is increasing due to COVID-19, more efforts should be made to improve park services in the post-corona era. To promote such services, it is necessary to regularly evaluate parks based on both quantitative and qualitative indicators and to contemplate services not only through direct factors but also indirect factors and security measures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.76 no.4
• /
• pp.338-347
• /
• 1987

The research was carried out to investigate the related phenomena, the latent structures and synthetical characteristics in various growth factors of Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. growing at Damyang gun, Chollanamdo, using multivariate analysis. 1. By synthetical characteristics in canonical correlation between height-growth factor group and diameter-growth factor group, the former was determined by the culm height ($x_1$), and the latter by the. diameter of the largest internode($x_7$). And for those between quantitative growth factor group and qualitative growth factor group, the former was determined by the surface area($x_{10}$), and the latter by the diameter of the largest internode ($x_7$). 2. The ten growth factors of bamboo culm were simplified by two principal components on the basis of accumulated proportion aimed at 90%. The first principal component($Z_1$) as a "size factor" showed high correlation with growth factors except eye-height diameter($x_5$). The second principal component($Z_2$) as a "shape factor" showed high correlation only with $x_5$. 3. The bamboo culm, and the latent phenomenon between their growth factors could be determined by two common factors showing high communality(94.16%). The ten growth factors can be grouped into two attribute factors: quantity and quality. 4. The bamboo culms can be classified into five types: total, volume, shape-quality, inferior and middle.