• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.217-227
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• 2007

The western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera:Tephritidae), is the most important pest of cultivated cherries in the Pacific Northwest area of the United States, being widely distributed throughout Oregon, Washington, Montana, Utah, Idaho, Colorado and parts of Nevada. The control of R. indifferens has been based on calendar sprays after its first emergence because of their zero tolerance for quarantine. Therefore, a good prediction model is needed for the spray timing. This study was conducted to obtain the empirical population dynamic information of R. indifferens after overwintering in the major cherry growing area of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, where the information is critically needed to develop and validate the prediction model of the fruit fly. Adult fly populations were monitored by using yellow sticky and emergence traps. Larvae growth and density in fruits were observed by fruit sampling and the pupal growth and density were monitored by pupal collection traps. The first adult was emerged around mid May and a large number of adults were caught in early June. A fruit had more than one larva from mid June to early July. A large number of pupae were caught in early July. The pupae were collected in various period of time to determine the effect of pupation timing and the soil moisture content during the winter. A series of population density data collected in each of the developmental stage were analyzed and organized to provide more reliable validation information for the population dynamic models.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.335-342
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• 2011

The effects of gamma irradiation on the survival, development, fecundity, and sex ratio of the multicolored Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) were investigated. A dose of more than 50 Gy dose of irradiation on eggs completely inhibited hatch, and 1st and 3rd instar larva irradiated with over 40 Gy almost died. Adverse effects of gamma irradiation over 70 Gy were also observed in the survival and development of pupae and adults. Although irradiated individuals usually survived, they had longer periods of larval and pupal development than untreated individuals. Slight female-biased sex ratios were observed in some treatments. However, sex ratio differences soon equilibrated. Generally, inherited harmful effects of gamma irradiation were observed in F1 and F2 generations. Comet tail indicating DNA damage was showed in survival individuals exposed to gamma irradiation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 2023

A lot of individuals of Mythimna loreyi have been attracted to the sex-pheromone traps of Spodoptera frugiperda during recent few years. However, there is no information about this pest. Thus, an efficient mass-rearing method of M. loreyi is demanded to study this pest. In this study, we compared the effects of artificial diets and rearing methods on its larval development and oviposition to suggest an efficient mass-rearing method of M. loreyi. Between S. frugipera and Agrotis ipsilon artificial diets, A. ipsilon diet showed more rapid larval development with higher survivorship, and decreased pupa weights and oviposition numbers compared to S. frugipera diet. Moreover, a grouping rearing caused more rapid larva development, decreased pupa weight and survivorship compared to an individual rearing. Therefore, for mass-rearing of M. loreyi, it is considered efficient to rear the newly emerged larvae in groups using A. ipsilon artificial diet and then rearing them individually after second or third larval stadium.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.305-308
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• 2012

The box tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis, was reared on an artificial diet based on dried powder of box tree leaves, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, and INSECTA F-II (Nihon Nosan Co., Ltd) at a ratio of 3:7 (w:w) and analyzed in their developmental characteristics from $1^{st}$ to $4^{th}$ generation. The developmental period of larva reared on artificial diet was longer than that of larva reared on host plant. Significant difference in larval period was also observed between $1^{st}$ and other generation groups. Pupation rate was the highest in $4^{th}$ generation followed by $3^{rd}$, $2^{nd}$, $1^{st}$ and host plant group. Significant difference in pupal period was noted between $1^{st}$ and 3rd generation group. Emergence rate was the highest in $4^{th}$ generation group followed by $3^{rd}$, host plant, $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ generation group. There is a significant difference in male and female size between $1^{st}$ and $4^{th}$ generation group. Our result indicated that stable rearing of box tree pyralid through the year is possible by artificial diet, and the best adaptation to artificial diet was achieved at $4^{th}$ generation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2000

The green lacewing, Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), was reared on artificial diets supplementedwith natural products such as lyophilized beef liver, silk worm pupae powder and drone honey beepowder. The performance of the green lacewing was improved siginificantly on only the diet to whichadded 1 % of silk worm pupae powder (wt/v). Larval developement was completed in 15.6 f 0.99 days,cocoon weight was 16.4f2.94 mg, and suvival to adult was 89.3% at 27$^{\circ}$C. And another diet made bymixing 4 part of lyophilized beef liver powder, 4 part of lyophilized beef powder, 3 part of lyophilizedchicken egg, 4 part of sucrose, and 50 mg each of vitamin C and Vanderzant's vitamin B mixture waspromising. Larval development of the green lacewing on this diet was completed in 12.7 f 1.45 days at27"C, pupal weight was 18.1 f 2.24mg, suvival to adult was loo%, and 633f70.4 eggs were laid in 20days after beginning of oviposition.ginning of oviposition.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 1996

Nosema bombycis was found on the both of surface and inside of silkworm eggs layed by infected female moth, maternal-mediated transmission of those pathogens via the surface or internal site of silkworm eggs were investigated. All of the meconia from infected female moths contained pathogenic spores, those concentration were 4.6(${\pm}$0.24)X106 /ml. The pathogens on the surface of nondiapause eggs were transmitted to the progeny larvae at the rate of 54.5%, however, lost their activity before hatching for the case of overwintered eggs or acid treatment(16% HCI at 46.2$^{\circ}C$ for 6 min). N. bombycis in the silkworm eggs localized at the serosa, yolk, embryo except chorion tissue in the silkworm eggs layed by infected female moths. Development of the pathognes in the eggs was synchronized with embryogenesis, which secured the safety of pathogens against environmental condition, resulting in the high transmissibility of 91.2${\pm}$1.80%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

The developmental time of immature stages of Paromius exiguus (Distant) was investigated at nine constant temperatures (15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), 20-30% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10h (L:D). Eggs did not develop at $15^{\circ}C$, and their developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures. Its developmental time was longest at $17.5^{\circ}C$ (28.2 days) and shortest at $35^{\circ}C$ (5.9 days). The first nymphs failed to reach the next nymphal stage at 17.5 and $35^{\circ}C$. Nymphal developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures between $20^{\circ}C$ and $32.5^{\circ}C$, and developmental rate was decreased at temperatures above $30^{\circ}C$ in all stages except for the fourth nymphal stage. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature fit a linear model and three nonlinear models (Briere 1, Lactin 2, and Logan 6). The lower threshold temperature of egg and total nymphal stage was $l3.8^{\circ}C$ and $15.3^{\circ}C$, respectively. The thermal constant required to reach complete egg and the total nymphal stage was 109.9 and 312.5DD, respectively. The Logan-6 model was best fitted ($r^2$=0.94-0.99), among three nonlinear models. The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the 3-parameter Weibull function ($r^2$=0.91-0.99).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2011

The developmental period of Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, a vector of rice stripe virus (RSV), was investigated at ten constant temperatures from 12.5 to $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ at 30 to 40% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Eggs developed successfully at each temperature tested and their developmental time decreased as temperature increased. Egg development was fasted at $35^{\circ}C$(5.8 days), and slowest at $12.5^{\circ}C$ (44.5 days). Nymphs could not develop to the adult stage at 32.5 or $35^{\circ}C$. The mean total developmental time of nymphal stages at 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and $30^{\circ}C$ were 132.7, 55.9, 37.7, 26.9, 20.2, 15.8, 14.9 and 17.4 days, respectively. One linear model and four nonlinear models (Briere 1, Lactin 2, Logan 6 and Poikilotherm rate) were used to determine the response of developmental rate to temperature. The lower threshold temperatures of egg and total nymphal stage of L. striatellus were $10.2^{\circ}C$ and $10.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The thermal constants (degree-days) for eggs and nymphs were 122.0 and 238.1DD, respectively. Among the four nonlinear models, the Poikilotherm rate model had the best fit for all developmental stages ($r^2$=0.98~0.99). The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the two-parameter Weibull function ($r^2$=0.84~0.94). The emergence rate of L. striatellus adults using DYMEX$^{(R)}$ was predicted under the assumption that the physiological age of over-wintered nymphs was 0.2 and that the Poikilotherm rate model was applied to describe temperature-dependent development. The result presented higher predictability than other conditions.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological characteristics of Protaetia orientalis submarmorea (Burmeister). The emergence period of adults is appeared from April to October, and most abundant in July∼August, once a year in the field. Hibernation took place mostly in larval stage, but some in adult stage, and were generally found in the decayed rice straws and in the soil covered with compost or similar materials with average depth of 17.6 cm The developmental characteristics in the insectary (28$^{\circ}C$, 70% RH, 16L: 8D) was investigated: the average number of eggs laid per female is 82.8, egg period 8.4 days, 1st instars of larva 10.6, 2nd 18.7, 3rd 38.1, and pupal period 35.5 days. Longevity of the adult was 135.2 days In the female and 121. 7days in the male.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.173-177
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• 1986

This study was carried out to see what makes the 'dark grey cutworm', Agrotis tokionis Butler, inflict less damage in P.E. film-mulched tobacco fields than in nonmulched ones. In field plot experiment, the damage ratio of tobacco seed lings in mulched plots(m) was reduced by 63% compared with that in non mulched ones(n). The altered environments did not affect the cutworm in mortality, which was confirmed by recovery ratio, location of larvae in soil, and developmental age. But the m/n value and damage ratio in plots of different mulching methods strongly suggest that the P.E. film itself prevent larvae from cutting the plants. Larval mortality was rapidly increased between the end of July and the end of August.