• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2018

Laguna Lake is the largest inland fresh water body in the Philippines. It primarily serves as a site for aquaculture, hydropower, transportation, and water supply industries. Due to Laguna Lake's diverse functionalities, competition among water users became prominent. Water quality began to deteriorate due to various pollutant contributions in this process, thereby affecting the soundness of the aquatic ecosystem. This study was conducted to evaluate the current water quality management policy from the viewpoint of ecological environment through the evaluation of the water quality of Laguna Lake. Concentrations of water pollutants such as ammonia ($NH_3$), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chloride ($Cl^-$), pH, and total suspended solids (TSS) exceeded the water quality standards of the Philippines' Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The water quality of the lake was also affected by the pollutant load due to agriculture and urban stormwater runoff in the watershed. The salinity and contaminated water from Pasig River also affected the water quality of Laguna Lake. Long-term water quality analysis showed that the water quality of Laguna Lake is also influenced by rainfall-related seasonal variations. The results of the water quality analysis of Laguna Lake indicated that the environmental management techniques of the Philippines should be changed from the conventional water management into an integrated watershed management scheme in the future. It is therefore necessary to study and introduce advanced watershed management measures in the Philippines based from the policies of other developed countries.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.11 no.8
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2010

In this study, evaluation of basic unit of non-point pollutant, which is fundamental evaluation of non-point loading, was conducted using both road point and angle of intersection point in Maesong area, West coast highway by utilizing Event Mean Concentrations(EMC). Concentration of pollutants except heavy metals at these two points rapidly decreased in 30 minutes after start of runoff. According to the results of EMC, for both sampling points, it was determined that the concentrations of TSS(Total Suspended Solid), $BOD_5$(Biological Oxygen Demand), and DOC(Dissolved Organic Carbon) were higher than those of wastewater effluent standard in Korea, however, the concentrations of T-N(Total Nitrogen) and T-P(Total Phosphorus) were lower than those of the standard. In terms of heavy metals, Fe, Pb, and Zn showed higher concentrations than others. When compared with the units established by the Ministry of Environment in Korea, the basic units of $BOD_5$ and T-N in this study were lower. On the other hand, when compared with foreign units, Cu, Pb, and Zn showed approximately 10 times higher concentrations. It was estimated that a long term monitoring should be conducted for obtaining additional data and more reliable basic units for the non-point pollutnats based on the results from this study.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.77-88
• /
• 2008

There has been growing demands to manage the water quality of west coastal region due to the large scale urbanization along the coastal zone, the possibility of application of TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loadings) to Han river, and the natural disaster such as oil spill incident in Taean, Chungnam. However, no system has been developed for such purposes. In this background, the demand of GIS based effective water quality management has been increased to monitor water quality environment and propose best management alternatives for Han river and Kyeonggi bay. This study mainly focused on the development of integrated water quality management system for Han river bas in and its estuary are a connected to Kyeonggi bay to support integrated water quality management and its plan. Integration was made based on GIS by spatial linking between water quality attributes and location information. A GIS DB was built to estimate the amount of generated and discharged water pollutants according to TMDL technical guide and it included input data to use two different water quality models--W ASP7 for Han river and EFDC for coastal area--to forecast water quality and to suggest BMP(Best management Practices). The results of BOD, TN, and TP from WASP7 were used as the input to run EFDC. Based on the study results, some critical areas which have relatively higher pollutant loadings were identified, and it was also identified that the locations discharging water pollutant loadings to river and seasonal factor affected water quality. And the relationship of water quality between river and its estuary area was quantitatively verified. The results showed that GIS based integrated system could be used as a tool for estimating status-quo of water quality and proposing economically effective BMPs to mitigate water pollution. Further studies need to be made for improving system's capabilities such as adding decision making function as well as cost-benefit analysis, etc. Also, the concrete methodology for water quality management using the system need to be developed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.324-331
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of pollutant loads on the water quality in the Goseong reservoir from May 2005 to October 2006. Annual total runoff at the Goseong-cheon watershed was 968.0 mm in 2005, 382.6 mm in 2006, respectively. The mean concentration of BOD, COD and SS in the stream were 2.28, 6.03, 46.97 mg/L in rainy seasons and 0.95, 2.14, 6.05 mg/L in dry seasons at SWT C sub-watershed. Total-N concentrations ranged from 2.60 to 3.18 mg/L at SWT C sub-watershed, which was generally higher than the quality standard of agricultural water (1.0 mg/L). Total-P concentrations ranged from 0.044 to 0.130 mg/L at SWT C sub-watershed. Measured pollutant loads in the SWT C sub-watershed were 36.7 kg/day of BOD, 72.3 kg/day of T-N and 2.3 kg/day of T-P in 2005 at SWT C sub-watershed, 63.9 kg/day of BOD, 82.8 kg/day of T-N and 1.1 kg/day of T-P in 2006 at SWT C sub-watershed, respectively. In the analysis of the effluent characteristics for NPS pollutants, it appeared that the loading rates of effluent from SWT C watershed were, respectively, BOD 62.3%, T-N 69.6%, T-P 71.1%, SS 70.1% during the rainy season in 2006. The calculated T-N daily pollutant loadings by the unit loading factor method from each sub-watershed were much greater than observed, but the calculated T-P daily pollutant loadings much lesser than observed.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.99-110
• /
• 2012

The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.242-254
• /
• 1995

The Hadano Basin is located at a distance of about 70kms and 60kms from Tokyo and Yokohama and lies in the south-west part of the Kanto region in Japan. The basin area, which correspoends to the catchment of the Kaname River, is about areal size of 60.7$\textrm{km}^2$ and extends about length of 8kms in E-W direction and about width of 5kms in N-S direction (Fig.1). The Hadano basin is filled with thick pile of the alluvum from deposits composed of volcanic materials, mostly came from the Hakone Volcano and overlain by Fuji Volcanic ashes. Fluvial deposits form the good aquifer, therefore water resources of Handano City has been largely depending upon the eroundwater. Urbanization and industrialization of the basin has been rapid in the last thirty years, after activation of "Factory Attraction Policy of Hadano City" in 1956. Growth in population and number of factory due to urbanization changed the land-use pattern of the basin rapidly and increased the water demands. Therefore, Hadano City exploited a new source of water supply, and have introduced the prefectureal waterworks since 1976. On the other hand, the rapid urbanization has brought about the pollution of streams in the basin by domestic sewage and industrial waste water. Diffusion rate of sewerage systems in Hadano City is 38% in 1993. In ordcr to examine the impact of anthropogenic factors on river environments, the author took up the change of land-use and diffusion area of sewerage as parameters, and performed field surveys on water discharge and quality. The survey has been made at upstream and downstream of the main stream regularly per month, to get informati ons about the variation of discharge and water quality aiong the stream and its diurnal fluctuation. Annual variation has been analyzed based the data from Hadano City Office. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Stream discharge has been increasing by urbanization (Fig.3). Water quality (C $l^{-10}$ , N $H^{+}$$_{ 4}$-N, BOD) has been improving gradually after the application of sewerage service, yet water pollution load at the lower station has increased than that at the upper one because of the larger anthropogenic discharge volumes (Fig.4). 2. Corrclation coefficient of discharges between upper and lower was 0.81-0.92. Pollutant loads of the R. Kamame after the confluence with R. Kuzuha grew up by 2.4-3.7 times as compared with its upper reaches, and it increased to 3.7-6.9 times after the confluence with the R. Muro (Fig.5). 3. The changes of water quality along the stream can be divided into two groups (Fig.6a). First: water quality of the R. Kaname and R. Shijuhachisse is becoming worse towards the lower reaches because the water from branches are polluted. Second: water quality are improved in the lower where spring and small branch streams supply clear water, for example R. Mizunashi, R. Muro and R. Kuzuha. 4. Measured discharge at the upper station in the R. Shijuhachisse is 0.153㎥/sec, and about 55% of this is recharged until it reaches to the lower point. The R. Mizunashi has a discharge of 1.155㎥/sec at the upper point, is recharged 0.24㎥/sec until the midstream and groundwater spring 0.2㎥/sec at the lower reaches. R. Kuzuha recharged all the mountain runoff (0.2㎥/sec) at the upper reaches. The R. Muro is supplied by many springs and the estimated discharge of spring was 0.47㎥/sec (Fig.6b). 5. Diurmal variations in discharge and water quality are influenced clearly by domestic and industrial waste waters (Fig.7, 8).ed clearly by domestic and industrial waste waters (Fig.7, 8).