• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1117-1128
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• 2021

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of 4-week health promotion intervention program consisting of high-intensity aerobic exercise to improve energy consumption and cardiorespiratory capacity, circuit training to strengthen muscular strength and endurance and education for lifestyle changes on the obesity level, physical fitness, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome among overweight or obese elementary school students. Twenty three overweight or obese children as obese group and 15 normal body weight children as normal group were recruited. The health promotion program consisted of two exercise sessions and one education session, 3days/week in 4-week. Obesity level(body mass index, waist circumference, %body fat), physical fitness(muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiopulmonary fitness), insulin resistance(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and metabolic syndrome risk factors(blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol) were measured. There was not significant decrease in obesity level; however, there were significant improvement in physical fitness, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome risk factors after program participation among obese children. As a result, through participation in the summer camp consisting mainly of exercise, the improvement of the physical fitness level and the decrease of insulin resistance had an effect on the reduction of the metabolic syndrome frequency.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic rhythmical exercise program on $VO_2$ max, leg strength, grip strength, flexibility, exercise self-efficacy and quality of life in elderly. This quai-experimental study was designed as a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest study. 36 subjects, aged between 65 and 73 years who have normal cognition. sensory function and cerebellum function participated in this study. 19 experimental group subjects participated aerobic rhythmical exercise program. Aerobic rhythmical exercise program was developed on the basis of calisthenics, stretching, aerobic exercise, Korean traditional dance and music by the author. The program consisted of approximately 1 hours of exercise, 3 times a week for 9 weeks. During 1 hours workout, there were 15 minutes of warm-up dancing, 35 minutes of conditioning dance and 10 minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was between $40\%\;and\;60\%$ of age adiusted maximum heart rates. The $VO_2$ max, grip strength, leg strength, flexibility, exercise self-efficacy and quality of life were measured prior to and following the experimental treatment. Data were analyzed with $x^2-test$, t-test, mean, standard deviation. percentage of change and ANCOVA test using SAS program. Results were obtained as follows. 1. The $VO_2$ max of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the aerobic rhythmical exercise program(F=7.76, p=0.008). 2. The grip strength of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the aerobic rhythmical exercise program(F=4.61, p=0.039). 3. The leg strength of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the aerobic rhythmical exercise program(F=9.29, p=0.000). 4. The was no significantly difference of flexibility between experimental and control group 5. The self-efficacy of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the aerobic rhythmical exercise program(F=43.40, p=0.000). 6. The quality of life of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the aerobic rhythmical exercise program(F=8.91. p=0.005). The results suggest that aerobic rhythmical exercise program can improve $VO_2$ max, grip strength. leg strength. exercise self-efficacy and quality of life elderly. Thus. aerobic rhythmical exercise program was a useful nursing intervention for elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.872-880
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glucuronic acid on antioxidative defense system and recovery of muscle fatigue in rat artier aerobic exercise. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 150 $\pm$ 10g were randomly assigned to one normal(N) group and three exercise training groups. Exercise training groups were classified into glucuronic acid free intubation group(T group), 250mg glucuronic acid/kg bw intubation group(TU group), and 500 mg glucuronic acid/kg bw intubation group(2TU group) according to glucuronic acid supplementation level. The glucuronic acids were administered to rats by oral intubation before exercise training. The experimental rats in exercise training groups(T, TU and 2TU) were exercised on glucuronic acid supplementation or rats in normal group were confined in cage for 4 weeks. And rats were sacrificed with an overdose of pentobarbital injection just after running. Liver xanthine oxidase(XOD) activities were not significantly different among four groups. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in T group was no significant difference from N group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were increased by 9% and 18%, respectively, compared with that of T group. Liver glutathione peroxidase(GSHpx) activites of T and TU groups showed a similar tendency to that of normal group, but increase 17% in 2TU group compared with normal group. The ratio of GSH/GSSG in liver of T group was lower than that of normal group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were a similar tendency to that of normal group. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) in T group was increased by 47%, compared with that of normal group but those of TU group and 2TU group were lower 27% and 35%, respectively, compared with that of T group. The contents of glycogen in soleus muscle significantly lower in all three trained exercise groups than that of normal group, but there were no significant differences among the trained exercise groups. Contents of hepatic glycogen in T group were decreased 27% compared with those of normal group while those of TU and 2TU groups were the same as normal group levels. The contents of serum lactic acid in T group were increased 240% of normal group, but hose of TU and 2TU groups were decreased 38%, 39%, respectively, by glucuronic acid supplementations, compared with that of T group. In conclusion, the effects of glucuronic acids in exercise training rats would appear to reduce peroxidation of tissue as an antioxidative defense mechanism and promote recovery of muscle fatigue.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.138-149
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• 2015

In order to search for the reasonable planning directions for representing traditional landscape, this study conducted the comparative analysis of the designs on the panels and their constructions from both winners of "The Landscape Design Competitions for City Infrastructure of Minlak(2) District in Uijeongbu" and "The Design Competition for Dongtan(2) District Land Development Phase 1". The representing targets and views, the composition and placement of representing space, the design of representing facilities and landscape planting were examined based on the text, master plans, elevations and cross sections, diagrams, images, and perspective drawings proposed from the competition panels. Then, the landscape constructions were reviewed. The results are as follows: First, the types of the representing targets and views are the agricultural landscape, as the local landscape of target area, which are divided into the life space of a traditional village, the traditional water space, and the traditional culture. Second, as to the composition and placement of representing space, the traditional theme spaces are formulated considering the surrounding land use and the local cultural heritage. However, some spaces were changed to the exercise space or convenient facility spaces required in a neighborhood park. Third, in the case of the representing facilities, a round island in the square pond, a traditional pavilion and Hwagye(terraced flower bed) were made without the facilities designed creatively. Fourth, the application of traditional planting techniques was focused on planting trees in the village forest on an island in the square pond and on Hwagye. Fifth, the traditional representing work has gradually advanced with the selection of subject and experimental facility designs based on the professional references. Sixth, the choice of the realizable subject, the expertise for information analysis and the creative design of the traditional facility are required in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.423-432
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to promote health in middle-aged Koreans (40-59 years old) by understanding health behaviors that affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level among various health behaviors. In a national health and nutrition survey, raw data combined on a total of 7,406 persons, IV-3 (2009), V-1 (2010), V-2 (2011), V-3 (2012), and VI-1 (2013), were selected as the final analysis subjects. HDL cholesterol was divided into two groups: less than 40 mg/dl and more than 40 mg/dl. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis were as follows: OR=3.916 for males, OR=3.439 for normal than low weight, OR=7.336 for obesity than low weight, OR=1.629 for alcohol consumption, OR=1.498 for smokers, OR=1.426 for don't practice moderate physical activity, OR=1.264 for no walking exercise, OR=1.510 for carbohydrates normal intake than low intake, OR 1.787 for carbohydrates over intake than low intake when HDL cholesterol increased from 40 mg/dl to less than 40 mg/dl. Korean middle-aged high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels should be increased to maintain proper health through aerobic exercise, smoking cessation, proper drinking habits, obesity relief, healthy eating out, and healthy food choices. This requires continuous publicity and education within the community, and a social environment should be built that enables health behavior to be practiced in daily life.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2023

Purpose : This study aimed to find out the effect of aerobic exercise using Bruce protocol on heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure after recovery from COVID-19 infection. Methods : In this study, 34 students from D University located in J city were targeted, COVID-19 infected group (17 people) and non-COVID-19 non-infected group (17 people). The Bruce protocol using a treadmill was applied to the aerobic exercise of this study. The Bruce protocol has in the first stage of METs 4 (slope 10 %, speed 2.7 km/h). The second stage was METs 5 (slope 12 %, speed 4 km/h), and the third stage was METs 6 (slope 14 %, speed 5.4 km/h). All measurements were measured 3 times and the average value was used. Results : As a result of this study, as a result of comparing heart rate changes according to aerobic exercise using the Bruce protocol. EG group and the CG group increased significantly according to the progressive exercise load (METs 4~5), and in the third stage of the Bruce protocol between groups, The EG group showed a significantly lower heart rate. As a result of comparing changes in oxygen saturation and blood pressure, there was no significant difference between the EG and C groups according to the gradual exercise load. Conclusion : In conclusion, there was no difference between normal and pressure when MET of moderate intensity exercise (4 to 6) was applied to the effect on heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure in healthy adults who were fully recovered from COVID-19. Secondary side effects may occur when high intensity exercise with a MET of 6 or higher, so it is strongly recommended that hospitals or specialized institutions measure exercise and physical ability according to individual exercise intensity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.359-375
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• 2022

Purpose: Adult Korean men belonging to the main economically active population are known to have long sedentary hours. This study was undertaken to determine the difference and relevance of sedentary hours on the nutrition, diet, and health status of adult men, and to suggest how to prevent health risk factors. Methods: Subjects (n = 1,068) were classified into 4 groups based on their sedentary hours, ranging from the first quartile (Q1) having the least hours spent sitting, to the fourth quartile (Q4) spending the longest hours. Results: Subjects belonging to Q4 had the lowest average age, the largest waist circumference, and the highest level of education. Among those engaged in economic activities, the ratio of white-collar workers was significantly higher in Q4. Accordingly, the rate of not doing high-intensity or moderate-intensity physical activity while working was also the highest in Q4. A significant difference was obtained in the drinking frequency between groups, but this was found to be associated with the average working hours rather than sedentary hours. The proportion of not doing aerobic exercise was higher with longer sitting hours. The highest diagnosis of diabetes (8.8%) was obtained in the Q4 group. Among the factors related to cardiovascular disease, only low density lipoprotein-cholesterol showed a significant difference, with Q4 being significantly higher than Q1. Considering energy and nutrient intake, vitamin B₁ and calcium intake were the lowest in the group with the longest sitting hours, as well as the least consumption of vitamin C than the recommended estimated average requirement. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the health and nutritional status of Korean adult men are affected by sedentary hours. This should be recognized as a health risk factor and guidelines need to be developed for sedentary lifestyle management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.496-509
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the general characteristics, chronic diseases, health behavior, mental health, and nutritional status of young-old women based on their vitality. Methods: This study used data from the 2019 and 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The subjects were 1,113 young-old women aged 65 to 74 years old. The health-related quality of life concept with an 8-item questionnaire was used to measure the quality of life. Subjects were categorized into 4 groups (always, often, sometimes, never) based on their vitality. General characteristics, chronic diseases, health behavior, dietary behavior, food intake, and nutrient intake were compared among the groups. Results: Age, education level, household income, employment, fruit intake, dietary supplements, abundance of food, and nutrition labeling recognition were associated with the vitality of the subjects. Young-old women with arthritis, diabetes, and osteoporosis displayed lower vitality. Moreover, subjective health status, exercise, activity restrictions, and average daily sitting hours were related to vitality, while no significant difference was found in vitality between smoking and drinking. In terms of mental health factors, higher vitality was associated with 6-8 hours of sleep, lower stress levels, and reduced depression. The high-vitality group exhibited a higher intake of potatoes, starch, mushrooms, fruits, meat, milk, animal oils, and beverages than the low-vitality group. Additionally, the group with higher levels of vitality showed a higher intake of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, dietary fiber, sugars, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and riboflavin. Conclusion: This study suggests that the vitality of young-old women is related to socioeconomic factors, health behavior, mental health, and food intake. To maintain a vibrant lifestyle in elderly women, it is necessary to have social and economic stability, prevent arthritis, diabetes, and osteoporosis, exercise regularly, get sufficient sleep, maintain mental health, and have a balanced diet.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.85-123
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• 2004

Back ground : Subcutaneous fat area is the main factor involved in replacement disease and arteriosclerosis. Simple weight control is the appropriate medical treatment. It's understood that weight reduction does not only reduce the fat concentrations in blood but also reduces blood pressure, improves glucose levels in diabetes patients and reduces incidents of heart disease. there are several methods for reducing fat in the abdominal region but their effectiveness is not folly understood. one method is electrical stimulation of the problem areas. Method : From May 1st 2002 to October 31st. The 15 subjects who received medical examination were aged between 25 and 53 and were of mixed gender. The subjects were divided into two groups one to received functional electrical stimulation and the other a control group. Using Broca's criterion for judging fat grades. I analysed the differences between the two groups before and after the treatment. Subjects received functional electrical stimulation on the abdominal muscle intensity 50Hz. They received this treatment 4 days a week for 40 minutes a day. In the case of aerobic exercise, at the Treadmill, we used it with the intensity of $75\%$ maximum heart rate (220-age). Result 1)After functional electrical stimulation in the case of male subjects, the weight was reduced 1.93kg, obesity $2.60\%$, fat mass 2.73kg, Percent body fat $4.40\%$, waist circumference 6.53cm, circumference of hips 5.53cm. On the other side, the quality of muscle was increased at the rate of 1.03kg, but it's not attentional level. The subcutaneous fat area was reduced by $26.63cm^2$, the visceral fat area was reduced by $43.00cm^2$, In the female subjects, we can see the reduction of fat grade by $26.63cm^2$, the quantity of body fat by 1.5kg, percent body fat by $1.77\%$, circumference of waist by 4.02cm, circumference of hips by 3.67cm, weight by 1.40kg but was increased 0.72kg at the quantity of muscles. We can see the reduction also in the subcutaneous fat area $24.03cm^2$, the visceral fat area by $25.36cm^2$. 2)After aerobic exercise, on the male subjects, we can see reduction of weight by 3.36kg, obesity by $4.00\%$, fat mass by 2.83kg and we can see increase at the soft lean mass by 2.96kg, but we can see reduction, the percent body fat by $3.03\%$, fat distribution by $0.023\%$, circumference of waist by 3.10cm, circumference of hips by 2.23cm. The female subjects show a reduction in the weight by 2.48kg, percent body fat by $2.20\%$, show an increase in the soft lean mass by 1.54kg. We can see a reduction in the quantity of fat mass by 2.32kg, the percent body fat by $2.80\%$, the circumference of waist by 2.16cm, the circumference of hips by 2.68cm, the fat distribution by $0.016\%$, the subcutaneous fat area by $15.25cm^2$ the visceral fat area by $11.52cm^2$. After aerobic exercise, we can't see the attentional change at the total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. 3)After the application of functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise, in result of measurement on the body ingredient, we could see the weight reduction and increase the quantity of muscle with the male group who exercised aerobic. We can see the attentional rate on the electrical stimulation about abdominal fat rate, circumference of waist, circumference of hips. The other hand, I couldn't see the attentional differences between the two groups in the rate of fatness and quantity of body fat and the rate of body fat. There isn't any attentional difference in the area of fat under skin, on the contrary, There is attentional difference in the fat in the internal organs area at the electrical stimulation site. We can't see the attentional change of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol between electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise. 4)After execution of functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise, in result of measurement on change of body ingredient among female objects, We could see weight reduction, increase at muscle quantity in the aerobic exercise group. We could see the attentional differences in the rate of fatness, the rate of abdominal region, the circumference which received electrical stimulation. But, we couldn't see the attentional differences between two groups in the quantity of body fatness, the circumference of hips. The subcutaneous fat area doesn't show the attentional differences. On the Contrary, we could see lots of differences in the visceral fat area of the electrical stimulation group. Conclusion The results show that functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise have insignificant differences when if comes to total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Though there is affirmative change in body ingredient after both electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise. Functional electrical stimulation is more effective on the subcutaneous fat area and in changing visceral fat area. There fore. It is concluded that the physical therapy is more effective in the treatment of abdominal fatness.