• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.819-828
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to observe the effects of direct fed microbials on metabolic characteristics in sheep and milking performance in dairy cows. A metabolic trial with four ruminally cannulated sheep(60±6kg) was conducted in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the supplementation effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum or mixed microbes of S. cerevisiae and C. butyricum on ruminal fermentation characteristics and whole tract digestibility. Sheep were fed 1.25 kg of total mixed ration(TMR, DM basis) supplemented with S. cerevisiae (2.5g/day), C. butyricum (1.0g/day) or its mixture(S. cerevisiae 1.25g/day+C. butyricum 1g/day), twice daily in an equal volume. But control sheep were fed only TMR. A feeding trial with 28 lactating Holstein cattle was also conducted for 12 weeks to investigate the effects of the same microbial supplements as for the metabolic trial on milking performance. The cows were fed the TMR(control), and fed S. cerevisiae(50g/day), C. butyricum(15g/day) or its mixture (S. cerevisiae 25g/day + C. butyricum 7.5g/day) with upper layer dressing method. Total VFA concentration and the digestibility of whole digestive tract in the sheep increased by supplementation of S. cerevisiae, C. butyricum or their combined microbials compare to control group. The proportion of propionic acid at 1h(P<0.039) and 3h(P<0.022) decreased by supplementation of S. cerevisiae while tended to increase acetic acid proportion at the same times. Daily dry matter intake(DMI) was not influenced by the microbial treatments, but milk yield(P<0.031) and feed efficiency(milk yield/DMI, P<0.043) were higher for the cow received C. butyricum than those for other treatments. The milk fat content was higher (P<0.085) when cows fed S. cerevisiae(4.11%) than that fed the control (4.08%), the diets with C. butyricum (3.85%) and the microbial mixture. Based on the results obtained from the current experiments, supplementation of C. butyricum or mixture with S. cerevisiae might be increased milk fat content and milk productivity of lactating daily cows. (Key words:Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum, Fermentation characteristics,

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1994

When cells are exposed to low doses of a mutagenic or clastogenic agents. they often become less sensitive to the effects of a higher dose administered subsequently. Such adaptive responses were first described in Escherichia coli and mammalian cells to low doses of an alkylating agent. Since most of the studies have been carried out with human lymphocytes, it is urgently necessary to study this effect in different cellular systems. Its relation with inherent cellular radiosensitivity and underlying mechanism also remain to be answered. In this study, adaptive response by 1 cGy of gamma rays was investigated in three human lymphoblastoid cell lines which were derived from ataxia telangiectasia homozygote, ataxia telangiectasia heterozygote, and normal individual. Experiments were carried out by delivering 1 cGy followed by 50 cGy of gamma radiation and chromatid breaks were scored as an endpoint. The results indicate that prior exposure to 1 cGy of gamma rays reduces the number of chromatid breaks induced by subsequent higher dose (50 cGy), The expression of this adaptive response was similar among three cell lines despite of their different radiosensitivity. When 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, was added after 50 cGy, adaptive responses were abolished in all the tested cell lines. Therefore it is suggested that the adaptive response can be observed in human lymphoblastoid cell lines, which was first documented through this study. The expression of adaptive response was similar among the cell lines regardless of their radiosensitivity. The elimination of the adaptive response by 3-aminobenzamide is consistent with the proposal that this adaptive response is the result of the induction of a certain chromosomal repair mechanism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.289-289
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• 2009

당근은 우리나라에서 재배되고 있는 채소 중에서 대표적인 비타민 A의 급원으로서 매우 중요한 근채류이다. 최근 친환경농산물에 대한 관심과 요구가 급증하면서 소비자들은 고품질 당근을 선호하고 있으나 유기농 당근생산에 대한 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구는 관행 및 유기농 재배가 당근의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 공시품종은 '조춘5촌당근'(세미니스, A), '선홍봄5촌당근'(농우종묘, B), '홍심5촌당근'(대농종묘, C), '춘홍5촌당근'(사카타, D), '하파5촌당근'(신젠타종묘, E), '홍심5촌당근'(경신종묘, F)으로 전체 6개 품종이며, 경기도 평택시 유천동 대농종묘(주) 육종연구소 N2, N3 하우스에 9월 8일 파종하였고 재배방법은 유기농 및 관행재배표준법에 준하여 실시하였다. 관행과 유기농 재배 후 12월 3일에 수확하여 엽중, 근중, 근장, 근경, 코어, 추근성, 근피색과 가용성 당함량을 조사하였다. 근피색은 Colorimeter(Minolta, CR-400)를 이용하여 Hunter값인 L(밝기), a(녹색-적색), 그리고 b(파란색-노란색)로 표시하였다. 가용성 당함량 조사는 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. 엽중은 유기농 재배 F품종에서 26.0g으로 가장 무거웠고 전체적으로 유기농 재배구에 비해 관행 재배구에서 엽중이 무거웠다. 근장은 모든 품종에서 관행구에 비해 유기농 재배구에서 현저히 길게 나타나 재배 방법 간의 유의차를 보였으며 유기농 재배의 경우 근장이 17.9cm ~ 19.0cm 범위로 품종간 유의성은 없었다. 근중은 전체적으로 관행 재배구가 우수하거나 유기농 재배구와 비슷한 경향을 보였고, 특히 관행 재배구 B품종이 58.1g, A품종이 57.1g으로 가장 무겁게 나타나 재배방법 및 품종간 비교에서 우위를 나타냈다. 당근 뿌리의 명도를 나타내는 Hunter L값은 모든 품종에서 관행 재배구가 높게 나타났으며 특히 관행재배구의 최하위 L값(45.80)이 유기농 재배구의 최상위 L값(44.81)이 보다 높게 나타나 관행 재배를했을 경우 뿌리 광택이 더욱 우수함을 알 수 있었다. Hunter b값은 노란색을 나타내는데 B품종에서 유기농 재배구 19.68, 관행 재배구 19.55로 모든 품종 중에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. Fructose 함량은 D품종이 관행 재배구와 유기농 재배구에서 각각 $8.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW,\;8.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많게 나타났고, glucose 함량은 관행 재배구에서 D품종이 $41.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많았고 유기농 재배구에서도 역시 D품종이 $35.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많게 나타났다. Sucrose 함량은 모든 품종의 관행 재배구에서 현저하게 높게 나타났다. 가용성 당함량은 F품종만이 유기농 재배구에서 높게 나타났지만, 다른 5개 품종의 관행 재배구와 비교했을 때는 가장 적은 수치를 나타내 적절한 비배관리를 통한 관행 재배 방법이 가용성 당함량을 증가시킨 것으로 생각된다. 결론적으로 생육 및 품질은 관행재배에서 유기농 재배에 비해 우수하였고 근장은 유기농재배에서 길게 나타났고 가용성당람량 역시 관행재배에서 대체적으로 높게 나타났지만 품종에 따라 유기농재배에서도 높게 조사된 것도 있어 앞으로 유기농 재배에 적합한 당근 품종선발이 필요하다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.216-224
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• 2018

To evaluate physiological effect of Aralia elata, in vitro antioxidant activity and hepatic protective effects were investigated. Ethyl acetate fraction from Aralia elata (EFAE) had higher total phenolic content than other fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, and distilled water layers). EFAE also showed significantly greater radical scavenging activity against 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), than other fractions. Moreover, EFAE showed dose-dependent inhibitory effect of malondialdehyde (MDA). Hepatoprotective effects of EFAE against ethanol- and $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in H4IIE and HepG2 hepatic cells were examined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) and 3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that EFAE reduced cellular oxidative stress, and increased hepatic cell viability. In addition, EFAE inhibited ethanol-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Finally, physiological substances of EFAE were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the major bioactive compounds identified were 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and chlorogenic acid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1209-1215
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• 2003

This study was carried out to establish a quantitative analysis method of separating immuno-activating substance (EN-SP) from Acanthopanax senticosus (A. senticosus) by competitive direct ELISA. Mouse antiserum (anti-EN-SP) against EN-SP was generated by immunization (s.c.) of EN-SP purified from A. senticosus as an immunogen. The titer of anti-EN-SP was about 1 : 400, and the optimal dilution of EN-SP-HRP conjugate was 1 : 1,000. When the standard curve was constructed by ELISA, its sensitivity was about $0.2{\mu}g/mL$. The coefficient variation of intra- and inter-assay were $6.13{\sim}8.81%$ and $6.73{\sim}8.60%$, respectively. According to the standard curve, the concentration of EN-SP in various senticosus extracts was found to be only $59.85\;{\mu}g$ in 10mg of extract from the bark of A. senticosus. Similarly, the immunostimulating activity to produce $TNF-{\alpha}$ or IL-12 among the various extracts of Acanthopanax was shown to be correlated with the content of EN-SP. These results demonstrated that competitive ELISA was a convenient, fast, reproducible, and accurate method for the determination of EN-SP as an immunologically active standard substance in extract of A. senticosus.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.624-631
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• 2006

This study was conducted to make clustering analysis based on major physicochemical characteristics related to palatability of cooked rice. 89 Korea-bred japonica rice cultivars could be largely classified into two groups, that is, Dongjinbyeo and Ilpumbyeo groups. The Ilpumbyeo group was divided into two subgroups; Ilpumbyeo and Chucheongbyeo groups. The two major rice groups showed significant difference in viscogram properties of rice flour. Ilpumbyeo group revealed slightly higher estimates of viscogram traits as compared with Dongiinbyeo group in average. Early-maturing rice group showed slighly lower estimates of taste meter and higher protein content compared with medium or medium late maturing ones. Also, early and medium-maturing groups exhibited slightly higher estimates of peak, hot and breakdown viscosities but lower estimates of consistenency and setback viscosities compared with medium-late-maturing one. The rice cultivars developed in 2000's revealed slightly higher estimates of peak, hot, cool and consistency viscosities compared with those in $1980's{\sim}1990's$. The grain quality properties significantly associated with the esimates of Toyo taste meter were protein and amylose contents and hot viscosity. The lower protein content and hot viscosity and the higher amylose content, the higher estimates of the taster meter. The protein content was highly negatively correlated with amylose content of milled rice. The important quality components contributed to multiple regression formula for estimating the Toyo taster meter values were protein content, alkali digestion value, and hot viscosity. The fittness of this formula was about 49% along with the coefficients of determination.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2001

Vitrification of oocytes has been applied recently fur pigs, but remains elusive. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of vitrification in open pulled straws (OPS) on in vitro survival of porcine oocytes. When immature follicular oocytes frozen-thawed were cultured for in vitro maturation, maturation rates to metaphase-II stage were higher in oocytes with (25%) than without (15%) cumulus cells. After In vitro fertilization of oocytes frozen-thawed, the maturation rates were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in oocytes with (41%) that than without (17%) cumulus cells. However, the penetration rates were higher in oocytes without (19%) that than with (9%) cumulus. In another experiment, porcine oocytes matured in vitro were frozen and thawed for in vitro fertilization. The penetration rates were higher than in oocytes without (35%) that than with (26%) cumulus cells. However, the proportions of oocytes dead after in vitro fertilization were significantly (P<0.05) higher in oocytes with that than without cumulus cells. On the other hand, the rates of penetration and dead oocytes at 6 h after in vitro fertilization were not significant differences between oocytes with and without cumulus cells. However, the proportions of dead oocytes with (18%) and without (16%) cumulus cells were higher than in oocytes of control group (0%). These finding indicated the possible broader application for OPS, as they demonstrated that the maturation and fertilization in vitro by frozen-thawed oocytes may be accompained by cumulus cells and culture periods according to the requirements of the survival ability after freezing of mature and immature oocytes in pigs.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to measure scattered ray which is occurred except for Z-axis range of the detector in MDCT's iso-center and present the basic data about the standard for reduction of scattered ray. The development of MDCT brings out the enlargement of beam thickness to the patient's Z-axis, which distributes to the increase in exposure dose according to the rise of scattered ray. Also MDCT brings out the increase of scattered ray about 4times more than SDCT. To evaluate scattered ray according to the change of beam thickness on MDCT, we measured scattered ray of MDCT's Z-axis beam thickness by using one 16-slice CTs and two 64-slice CTs. We used the ionization chamber 60ml 2026C as the equipment of measurement. In our results, we found out that the change of scattered ray according to the beam thickness in the same kVp has increase of scattered ray. Secondly we found out the increase of scattered ray according to the increase of kVp. Lastly we found out the decrease of scattered ray according to the increase of the distance from the ionization chamber.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2004

Purpose: In order to improve the proper use of radiotherapy and breast-conserving treatment (BCT) in the management of breast cancer, current status of breast cancer treatment in Korea was surveyed nationwide and the use of BCT were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Patients characteristics and treatment pattern of 1048 breast cancer patients from 27 institutions diagnosed between January, 1998 and June, 1998 were analyzed. The incidence of receiving BCT was analyzed according to the stage, age, geography, type of hospital, and the availability of radiotherapy facility. Results: Radical mastectomy was peformed in 64.8$\%$ of total patients and 26$\%$ of patients received breast- conserving surgery (BCS). The proportions of patients receiving BCT were 47.5$\%$ in stage 0, 54.4$\%$ in stage I, and 20.3$\%$ in stage II, Some of the patients (6.6$\%$ of stage I, 10.1$\%$ of stage II and 66.7$\%$ of stage III) not received radiotherapy after BCS. Only 45$\%$ of stage III patients received post-operative radiotherapy after radical mastectomy. The proportion of patients receiving BCT was different according to the geography and availability of radiotherapy facilities. Conclusion: Radiotherapy was not fully used in the management of breast cancer, even in the patients received breast-conserving surgery. The proportion of the patients who received BCT was lower than the report of western countries. To improve the application of proper management of breast cancer, every efforts such as a training of physicians, public education, and improving accessibility of radiotherapy facilities should be done. The factors predicting receipt of BCT were accessibility of radiotherapy facility and geography. Also, periodic survey like current research is warranted.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.387-395
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• 1993

To identify pretreatment prognostic factors in carcinoma of the uterine cervix, a retrospective analysis was undertaken of 510 patients treated with curative radiation therapy in Seoul National University Hospital during the 7 year period, from March 1979 through December 1986. According to FIGO classification,35 patients were stage I B,89 were stage IIA, 232 were stage IIB,8 were stage IIIA, 134 were IIIB, and 12 were stage IVA. Five year locoregional control (LRC) rates in stage I B, II A, II B, IIIA, IIIB, and IVA were $79\%,78\%,70\%,58\%,51\%\;and\;27\%,$ respectively. Five year disease free survival (DFS) rates were $76\%,67\%,60\$,57\%,40\%,\;and\;25\%,$ respectively. Overall survival (OS) rates at five years were $82\%,72\%,67\%,67\%,51\%,\;and\;33\%,$ respectively. In univariate analyses, stage, age, initial hemoglobin level, type of histology, tumor size, and several CT findings including pelvic lymph node (LN) status, paraaortic lymph node (PAN) status, extent of parametrial invasion, bladder invasion, and rectal invasion were significant factors in terms of LRC. All these factors and elevation of BUN or creatinine were associated with DFS. In terms of overall survival, stage, initial hemoglobin level, type of histology, tumor size, elevation of BUN or creatinine, and five CT findings associated with LRC were prognostically significant. In multivariate analysis excluding CT findings, stage IV disease, non-squamous histology, and tumor size $\ge$4 cm were associated with poor LRC and DFS. Stage IV disease and tumor size significantly affected OS. in multivariate analysis including CT findings, histology, tumor size, and pelvic LN status on CT were uniformly significant in terms of LRC, DFS, and 05, PAN status on CT affected overall survival only.