• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.32
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• pp.203-219
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• 1999

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.10-12
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• 2003

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

Wood vinegar and Asarum sieboldii Miquel were selected as candidate materials showed antimicrobial activity and insect repellent activity. These natural pesticides have its own color and these could cause color difference on fabric materials. In the present study, we investigated the color difference of undyed and dyed fabrics to evaluate negative effect of wood vinegar and A. sieboldii Miquel. Undyed and dyed fabrics were exposed to natural pesticides of various concentrations for six months in relative humidity 70% and temperature $28^{\circ}C$. After exposure of pesticides, color difference (${\Delta}E*$) were investigated at two weeks intervals for six months. As a results, dyed cotton, silk and undyed silk fabrics exposed wood vinegar were not nearly changed in their colors, but color of only undyed cotton fabric was clearly changed by wood vinegar. Especially color difference by wood vinegar on undyed cotton fabric was most distinct as the concentration increased. On the other hand, all of fabrics exposed A. sieboldii Miquel were not nearly changed in their colors for six months. Therefore, this study first suggests that wood vinegar and A. sieboldii Miquel as natural insecticides could be used to conserve for textile cultural properties from insects and microorganism, but wood vinegar couldn't use the high concentration on undyed cotton fabric.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.23
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• pp.95-102
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• 2008

To investigate bioactive materials for development of natural conservative agent on organic cultural heritage, methanol extracts from 11 wood species which populate in Korea were screened for antifungal and insecticidal activity against 9 wood contaminant fungi and adult of Lasioderma serricorne. Antifungal activity of extracts was tested by using paper disc soaking method and feeder strip test against wood-rot fungi and wood surface contaminant fungi. Among these extracts, the most significant antimicrobial activity was observed from the extract of Phellodendron amurense at 5 mg/disc against Coniophora puteana, Lentinus lepideus, Tyromyces palustris and Aspergillus niger. The insecticidal activity of extracts was examined by topical application against L. serricorne adults. The extracts from Taxus cuspidata and Abies holophylla gave 56.7 % mortality at 25 ${\mu}g$/adult for 24 hr. From these result, the methanol extract from T. cuspidata, A. holophylla and P. amurense described could be useful for conservation of organic cultural heritage against biological deterioration by insect and wood contaminant fungi.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2012

To investigate bioactive materials for development of natural conservative agent on organic cultural heritage, essential oil from Asarum sieboldii was screened for antifungal and insecticidal activity against 4 wood rotting fungi and adult of Lasioderma serricorne. Antifungal activity of essential oil was tested by using paper disc soaking method. Antifungal activity expressed as $IC_{50}$ value showed $1.50{\sim}2.84{\mu}l/disc$ range and the most significant antifungal activity was observed in Lentinus lepideus. The insecticidal activity of essential oil was examined by topical application method against L. serricorne adults. 50% and 100% of essential oil gave 98.3% and 100% mortality for 24 hours, respectively. The major components of the essential oil were methyl eugenol (56.32%), eucarvone (11.53%), safrole (5.79%), ${\delta}$-3-carene (2.09%), which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. From these results, essential oil from A. sieboldii could be useful for conservation of organic cultural heritage against biological deterioration by insect and wood rotting fungi.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.3 no.1 s.3
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• pp.31-48
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• 1994

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.228-237
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• 2013

Paper relics are affected by a number of complex physical, chemical, biological and artificial damaging factors due to the vulnerability of organic materials. Wet cleaning is a conservation treatment method for removing pollutants from paper artefacts. This study was carried out in order to analyse the effect of wet cleaning on Hanji (Traditional Korean paper made from mulberry trees) which is the main material used in Korean paper relics (historical paper documents). For this study, the color change and folding endurance of artificially degraded paper was analysed before and after immersion wet cleaning. The result showed that washing each twice in 30 minutes is the most appropriate method for obtaining cleaning efficiency and material stability.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.186-197
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• 2022

The Daejanggakgibi Stele of Silleuksa Temple in Yeoju is a stone stele from the Goryeo Dynasty that is inscribed with various stories about the construction of Daejanggak, a place where Buddhist scriptures were kept. This stele has been maintained for a long time in a state in which discoloration of the body has occurred, and the inscription has been partially damaged due to dozens of cracks. Using non-destructive analysis methods for stone artifacts, material investigation, portable X-ray fluorescence analysis, and ultrasonic velocity analysis for the stele were performed. It was confirmed that the stele body was composed of light gray crystalline limestone, and the base stone, support stone, and cover stone were medium-grained biotite granite. Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that iron(Fe) was an original coloring element of the stele surface. From the distribution pattern of the coloration, it can be inferred that iron-containing materials flew down from between the stele body and the cover stone. Thereafter, living organisms or organic contaminants attached to it so that yellow and black contaminants were formed. Ultrasonic diagnosis revealed that the physical property of both the front and back surfaces ranged from fresh rocks(FR) to completely weathered rocks(CW), and the average weathering index was grade 3(intermediate). However, the point where cracks developed intensively was judged to be the completely weathered stage(CW), and some cracks located in the upper and lower parts of the stele bear potentially very high risk. It is necessary to monitor the movement of these cracks and establish reinforcement measures for conservation in the future.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.29
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• pp.5-18
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• 2008

Hanji among paper, which is material for support of the organic artifact such as painting and Thangkas, is given as much importance as the original material in the conservation treatment of artifacts. This lining paper can go through physical and chemical deterioration due to its organic nature, and inflict serious damage to the original materials of the artifact. There is a lot of difficulty in keeping continuous production of the paper mulberry fiber based on lining paper due to a short supply of raw material and discontinuation of traditional method. Also restoration and conservation treatment is done by relying only on the knowledge and skill of few experts without any recognized manual based on scientific analysis. In this study, we evaluated the stability of lining paper which is used to support organic artifact. As the result of experiments, this lining paper was made from mulberry tree in Korea and produced by means of oebal method, but was not treated by starch in its surface.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.30
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• pp.157-170
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• 2009

We have evaluated the antifungal activities of oak vinegar to develop a natural biocide for organic cultural heritage. Fungi used in this study were screened from the cultural heritages, Kyujanggak and JanggyeongPanjeon and tested on organic substrates-degrading ability. In the results, 7 species of fungi have produced the extracellular enzymes to degrade CMC, xylan, lignin. Thus, we have used these seven species fungi to investigate the antifungal activity of oak vinegar in this study. In the result, the antifungal activity of oak vinegar indicated positive potencial. Especially, methylene chloride and ethylacetate fractions of the oak vinegar had high activities at the concentration of 5.0mg/disc. In these fractions, many different kinds of compounds such as phenolic and furfural, etc. were analyzed by GC-MS. The experiments indicated that the development of a biocide using natural extracts can have a potential to conserve of organic cultural heritages.