• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.13 no.3_4
• /
• pp.95-104
• /
• 1998

INTRODUCTION : Arsenic is a ubiquitous element present in various compounds throughout the earth's crust. The use of arsenic compounds increased greatly during the 18th and 19th centuries, including its use in pigments and dyes, as a preservative of animal hides, in glass manufacture, agricultural pesticides, and various pharmaceutical substances. The causal association between human arsenic exposure, usually in the form of inorganic compounds containing trivalent arsenite (As$^{III}$) or pentavalent arsenate (As$^V$), and various forms of human cancer has been known for many years.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.293-300
• /
• 2011

Many countries of the world, including IMO, has noticed that foreign marine hazardous organisms, which were introduced by ballast water, have disturbed the marine ecosystem of its own nation, and posed a serious threat to human health and the value of environment and economy. Therefore, IMO has tried to manage the introduced species by assessing the risk of ballast water, and suggested three risk assessment methods, such as environmental matching risk assessment, speciesbiogeographical risk assessment, and species-specific risk assessment. In this thesis, species-specific risk assessment method was considered, and a risk assessment program established by applying it was described.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.171-171
• /
• 2003

전국 주요 산단 지역에서 현재 유통되고 있는 화학물질의 스크리닝 수준에서의 생태 위해성 평가를 수행하고 체계적인 위해도 분석 시스템을 구축하기 위한 생태 위해성 예측 모형을 개발하였으며, 모형의 분석과 모니터링을 통하여 모형을 검증하고 수정, 보완하는 연구를 수행하였다. 전국 118개 공단중에서 10개의 산단 (시화반월, 전주, 대전, 대구, 청주, 울산, 구미, 여천, 대구 성서, 신평장림공단)을 대상 지역으로 하였고 이들 공단에서 사용되고 있는 약 1900 여종의 화학물질들의 물리화학적 특성 자료와 생태 독성값의 문헌치, 추정치를 포함한 database를 구축하였다. 모형 결과의 정확성을 높이기 위해서는 배출량의 정확한 산출이 필요하므로 본 연구에서는 유럽의 우선순위 선정 프로그램인 EURAM의 방법에 근거하여 화학물질의 산업 및 용도별 분류로부터 각각의 배출계수를 적용하여 사용량을 배출량으로 산출하는 방법을 이용하였다 구축된 database를 활용하여 산단별, 화학물질별 생태 위해도를 비교한 결과 어류 급성의 위해도는 울산>여천>대전의 순이었고, 물벼룩 급성의 위해도는 울산>여천>시화반월>청주의 순이었다. 울산을 제외한 대부분의 지역의 위해도는 1이하로 나타나 스크리닝 수준에서의 오염은 우려할 정도가 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 생태 위해성 프로그램의 validation을 위하여 대구 지역을 대상으로 문헌치 독성값을 위주로 하는 RQ가 0.1 이상인 물질들의 검출 가능성과 화학물질들의 특성을 파악하였고, Butylacrylate, Xylene, N,N-Dimethylformamlde, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutylester, 2-Amino-4-methylphenol, Toluene, 2,2-Oxybisethanol의 7가지 물질들을 분석대상물질로 선정하여 분석을 수행할 예정이다. 본 연구에서는 분석 대상 지역을 확대하여 모형의 신뢰성과 타당성을 확인하고 모형을 수정, 보완하여 생태 위해성 예측 프로그램의 신뢰도를 높이고자 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.214-220
• /
• 2005

Initial Risk assessments using physicochemical properties and acute toxicity are conducted to provide information for managers to decide the potential adverse effects and played as a tool for decision-making in development of new substances. In this study, we built initial risk assessment framework and carried out human and ecology initial risk assessment for three different pesticides of captan, glyphosate, and paraquat dichloride to confirm our framework. Two water estimation models of GENEEC (GENeric Estimated Environmental Concentration) and FOCUS (FOrum for the Co-ordination of pesticide models and their USe) were employed for pesticides exposure assessment. Application for paraquat dichloride and glyphosate uses shows very low human and ecology risk. On the other hand, high acute ecological risk was observed from the application for captan. These results showed good agreements with the U.S. EPA RED (Reregistration Eligibility Decision) reports verifying the framework of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.67 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2023

During the past few decades, toxicity science is shifting from observative to predictive science. New approach methodologies (NAMs), including in chemico, in silico, in vitro approach, gain attention to reduce, refine, replace the whole animal toxicity testing. However, actual acceptances of NAMs in regulatory decision-making have been limited due to low confidence. To address the current constraints, Accelerating the Pace of Chemical Risk Assessment (APCRA) initiative conducted several case studies and presented the perspectives of next generation risk assessment (NGRA). In this review, we suggested a concept and perspectives of NGRA through analysis on APCRA case studies.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.316-322
• /
• 2011

BACKGROUND: Pesticides concentration was monitored in 50 agricultural lakes, and ecological risk for aquatic organism was assessed using risk quotient (RQ) and probabilistic methods. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pesticides concentrations detected in 50 agricultural lakes during peak season (June and September) were in the range of $0.17{\sim}0.99{\mu}g/L$. The RQ for algae and the other species was estimated to be 0.25 and below 0.01, indicating medium risk and no risk. Oxadiazon predominantly contributed to RQ value of 99% for algae, fishes, and amphibians. In terms of hazardous concentration at 5% of species ($HC_5$), ecological risk quotients (ERQ) for oxadiazon ranged from 0.18~0.33, showing a medium risk level. Overall, the concentrations of pesticides were much lower than $HC_5$), value. Probability of combined ecological risk for pesticides ranged from 1.82% to 2.41%. CONCLUSION(s): Combined ecological risk probability did not exceed the acceptable level of 5%, indicating no ecological risk for selected aquatic species. This study suggests that regular ecological risk assessment (ERA) will be required to protect and manage an agricultural lake. Not only ERA at screening level by comparing exposure with toxic effects for aquatic species also advanced ERA technique considering species in indigenous to Korea, chronic toxicity, pulse dose, fate, and environmental factors should be required.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2005

Policies of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark were compared and analyzed on risk assessment of contaminated sites. These countries were chosen from a feasible preliminary analysis of 18 countries of the European Union and the U. S. All the countries selected met two major criteria : I) implementation of risk assessment to determine the soil contamination and remediation targets of contaminated sites, ii) use of soil guidance values and risk assessment as complementary measures to determine soil contamination. Suggested policy improvements to Korea regarding these issues include i) legislation of a rational risk assessment methodology of contaminated sites, and ii) enactment of collaboration of risk assessment with the soil guidance values. To establish effective risk assessment legislation, additional in-depth research on social, economic and long-term effects of the proposed risk assessment methodologies, as well as the mutual consent of all parties including academia, industry, and administration will be necessary. Linking risk assessment with soil guidance values would be applicable to a site contaminated where the contaminant concentration exceeds a certain soil guidance value. In parallel, application of risk assessment to a site where a contaminant concentration is naturally different such as mining sites would be plausible. The policy suggestions above are not yet conclusive due to a lack of policy implementation, and simulation. Thus, additional research on developing risk assessment methodology is needed. Nevertheless, initiation of the suggested policy would increase the efficacy of Korean policy regarding the survey and remediation of contaminated sites.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2011

Health risk assessments for the abandoned asbestos mine were usually performed with activity-based sampling (ABS) method, which was not a effective tool for indexing health risk on an exact small area of mine. A newly proposed potential index of health risk (PIHR) was applied with proper spatial determination of geographical information system (GIS) to assess quantitatively health risks. A new trial was applied to a certain abandoned mine in Boryong as follows: A high grade area of PIHR was estimated 7.8% of the whole area of the mine (about 27.3 ha). Based on US EPA IRIS (integrated risk information system) model considering lifetime excess cancer risk (LECR), the health risk assessment indicated that the high grade area increased from 3.0 ha through 12.9 ha to 19.5 ha with an increase of asbestos contents in soil from 0.36% (1E-04 level) through 0.1% (3E-05 level) to 0.04% (1E-05 level). These results can be effectively applied to determine reclamation area of the abandoned asbestos mine.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2019

This study suggests a conceptual strategy and methodology for the risk assessment of the domestic abandoned mine fillers with fly ash. The fillers are composed of coal fly ash and solidification materials, and contain little toxic substances such as carbonates but also some heavy metals; therefore, those requires a risk assessment. The risk assessment should primarily focus on estimation of the effects to human health both on carcinogen and non-carcinogen aspects. The significant data such as toxicity and partition coefficients can be obtained from the national soil or mine environmental risk assessment guidelines. Accurate risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in the fillers may consume lots of time and efforts through site survey and instrumental analyses, etc. Moreover, it is inefficient to explore all of the factors as concentrations and categories in every heavy metal in the fillers, due to a high variety and complexity. Therefore, implementation of a preliminary risk assessment is suggested by using the literature data and the basic characteristics of the filler samples prior to the detailed risk assessment. Certainly, this presumes a thorough understanding of reliable sample analysis methods, exposure pathways, and relevant physicochemical and biological mechanisms.

• Agrochemical news magazine
• /
• v.23 no.5 s.178
• /
• pp.10-13
• /
• 2002

농약은 농산물 생산에 있어서 병해충 및 잡초를 방제함으로써 생산성을 높이는데 필수적인 농업자재로 인식하고 있다. 그런데 모든 화학물질이 그러하듯이 농약도 두 가지 양면성을 지니고 있다. 즉, 약효와 독성이다. 일반적으로 농약은 뿌려진 농약의 $0.1\%$이하만이 목표물이라고 할 수 있는 해충 및 잡초, 이병작물에 떨어지고 그 외는 비표적 생물 및 환경매체에 떨어짐으로써 생태계에 영향을 준다고 한다. 약효는 농약으로서 지녀야 하는 당연한 기능이지만 독성은 가능한 줄여야 할 기능이기 때문에 농약회사에서는 약효는 높으면서 사람과 생태계에는 좀 더 안전한 농약을 개발하기 위해 애쓰고 있다. 우리나라는 전세계적으로 볼 때 농약을 비교적 많이 사용하는 나라로 알려져 있으나 경제규모 및 사용량에 비해서 생태계에 대한 농약관리는 앞서가지 못하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 따라서 농약의 생태위해성 평가에 대한 기본적인 이해를 돕기 위해 이번호부터 연재를 통해 생태위해성에 대한 기본개념을 소개함과 동시에 국내외 농약등록제도에서의 생태위해성 의사결정 과정을 비교하고 마지막으로는 국내 농약관리제도에 있어서 생태독성분야의 의사결정에 대하여 개선방안을 제안하고자 한다.