• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2022

As research on a controlled environment system based on crop growth environment sensing for sustainable production of horticultural crops and its industrial use has been important, research on how to properly utilize soil moisture sensors for outdoor cultivation is being actively conducted. This experiment was conducted to suggest the proper method of utilizing the TEROS 12, an FDR (frequency domain reflectometry) sensor, which is frequently used in industry and research fields, for each orchard soil in three regions in Korea. We collected soils from each orchard where fruit trees were grown, investigated the soil characteristics and soil water retention curve, and compared TEROS 12 sensor calibration equations to correlate the sensor output to the corresponding soil volumetric water content through linear and cubic regressions for each soil sample. The estimated value from the calibration equation provided by the manufacturer was also compared. The soil collected from all three orchards showed different soil characteristics and volumetric water content values by each soil water retention level across the soil samples. In addition, the cubic calibration equation for TEROS 12 sensor showed the highest coefficient of determination higher than 0.95, and the lowest RMSE for all soil samples. When estimating volumetric water contents from TEROS 12 sensor output using the calibration equation provided by the manufacturer, their calculated volumetric water contents were lower than the actual volumetric water contents, with the difference up to 0.09-0.17 m³·m^-3 depending on the soil samples, indicating an appropriate calibration for each soil should be preceded before FDR sensor utilization. Also, there was a difference in the range of soil volumetric water content corresponding to the soil water retention levels across the soil samples, suggesting that the soil water retention information should be required to properly interpret the volumetric water content value of the soil. Moreover, soil with a high content of sand had a relatively narrow range of volumetric water contents for irrigation, thus reducing the accuracy of an FDR sensor measurement. In conclusion, analyzing soil water retention characteristics of the target soil and the soil-specific calibration would be necessary to properly quantify the soil water status and determine their adequate irrigation point using an FDR sensor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.109-118
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• 2010

This study quantified the flood reduction effect of small stormwater detention facilities by the NRCS curve number. The modified rational equation was used to calculate the inflow volume into the detention facilities. The NRCS curve number in the cases w/ and w/o storage facility was calculated with respect to the rainfall characteristics(rainfall frequency, duration) and the size of storage facilities. Finally, diagrams showing the curve number reduction rate versus the size of storage facility were developed. The diagrams can be used to evaluate the flood reduction effect of storage facility reasonably and efficiently when estimating the optimal location and size of storage facility. The results based on the methodology propsed in this study were also compared with those of previous study for their validation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1996

To design high-effective profile in screw rotor profile using in screw compressor, we design the symmetric type changing the number of lobes and the non-symmetric type changing the neighbourhood of the top point of lobe. Then, we calculated the performance value of profile according to the scale of these non-symmetric's wrap angle. We had the results as follows. 1. About the non-symmetric case, the larger a wrap angle is the shorter seal line is and the smaller blow hole is, thus we know what the large wrap angle profile is better than the small one. 2. We know what the non-symmetric profile is better than the symmetric profile in the result of the compare of seal line's length, blow hole's area, volume curve. 3. About the non-symmetric case, the deformation of the neighbourhood of lobe's top point of the rotor profile has a large effect upon the increase of performance because the length of seal line became short and the area of blow hole is small.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.765-772
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• 2011

The present study summarizes a series of compressive tests on concrete cylinder in order to examine the stressstrain relationship of alkali-activated (AA) slag concrete. The compressive strength and unit weight of concrete tested ranged from 8.6 MPa to 42.2 MPa and from $2,186kg/m^3$ to $2,343kg/m^3$, respectively. A mathematical equation representing the complete stress-strain curve was developed based on test results recorded from 34 concrete specimens. The modulus of elasticity, strain at peak stress, slopes of ascending and descending branches of stress-strain curves were generalized as a function of compressive strength and unit weight of concrete. The mean and standard deviation of the coefficient of variance between measured and predicted curves were 6.9% and 2.6%, respectively. This indicates that the stress-strain relationship of AA slag concrete is represented properly with more accuracy in the proposed model than in some other available models for ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1453-1463
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• 1994

The SCS Curve Number(CN) method has become widely accepted as a procedure of estimating stormflow volumes for design and natural events in small watersheds. The applicability of this method for calculating the flushing time was evaluated as compared with the net volume transport(NVT) method in Masan Bay, Korea. It is shown that the flushing time using the CN method ranged from 10.9 to 15.3 days under the well mixed condition, that the time using the NVT method was 13.9 days averaged over 6 days of field data. These results were revealed that two methods calculated the approximate times as shown above. The relationships between the run-off, Qr, and the flushing time, t, are expressed as the following forms. $t_1=228.79Q_r^{-0.9996}$ in case of well mixed condition, (1) $t_2=131.06Q_r^{-1.0}$ in case of two layered model. (2) Those empirical expressions are represented that the relationships between Q and t are nonlinear as those as Bumpus obtained in Boston Inner Harbour. Therefore, the CN method will permit calculation of the flushing time for any given bay to be unexpected as water balance under the condition of short-time (0.5 day) data, instead of NVT method based on the long-time (at least 3 days over) data.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2009

Purpose:We examined the ability of preschool aged children to meet the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Resiratory Society (ERS) goals for spirometry quality and tried to find out the major factor for improving the rate of success of spiromety test in this age group. Methods:Spirometry was performed in 2-6 aged 155 children with chronic cough or suspicious asthma with the recording of maneuver quality measures of forced expiratory time, end-of-test volume, back-extrapolated volume (Vbe), and forced vital capacity (FVC), as well as flow-volume curve. The subjects were tested several times and the two best results in each subject were selected. All criteria for quality control were suggested by ATS/ERS guidelines. The criteria for starting of the test was Vbe <80 mL and Vbe/FVC <12.5%. The criteria for repeatability of the test was that second highest FVC and FEV1 are within 100 ml or 10% of the highest value, whichever is greater. For the criteria for termination of the test for preschool aged children, we evaluated the flow-volume curve Results:As getting older, the success rate of spirometry increased and rapidly increased after 3 years old. Total success rate of the test was 59.4% (2 years old - 14.3%, 3 years old - 53.7%, 4 years old - 65.1%, 5 years old - 69.7%, 6 years old- 70.8%). The percentage of failure to meet the criteria for starting the test was 6.5%, repeatability of the test was 12.3% and end of the test was 31%. There was a significant difference only in age between success group and failure group. Evaluating the quality control criteria of previous studies, the success rate increased with age. Conclusion:About 60% of preschool aged children met ATS/ERS goals for spirometry test performance and the success rate was highly correlated with age. It is clearly needed that developing more feasible and suitable criteria for quality control of spirometry test in preschool aged children.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1033-1037
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• 2009

TOPMODEL은 이론적으로 $500km^2$ 정도의 면적을 갖는 유역에 적용 가능한 모형으로 국내연구의 대부분이 단일 홍수사상과 소유역에 적용하여 이루어졌다. 본 연구에서는 유역면적이 $289.8km^2$인중규모의 천천유역에 적용하여 연속유출의 모의와 중규모 유역에 대한 적용 가능성을 분석하고자 한다. HyGIS-TOPMODEL을 이용하여 연도별(2002${\sim}$2005년)로 모의된 수문곡선은 유출 패턴이 관측치와 유사하였고, 첨두유량과 첨두시간 모두 적절한 결과를 나타냈다. 유출용적 오차율은 -32.70${\sim}$4.59%로 모의유량이 다소 적게 산정되어 평갈수기와 홍수기로 구분하여 비교한 결과 평갈수기의 유출오차가 -65.49%로 전체 유출량에 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 정확성을 분석한 결과 일치도는 0.84${\sim}$0.96, 상관계수는 2004년을 제외하면 0.82 이상으로 관측치와 근접하게 모의했다. HyGIS-TOPMODEL을 중규모인 천천유역에 적용하여 모의한 결과 연속유출에 대한 수문곡선의 전체적인 패턴이 양호하고 통계분석결과 재현성이 우수하였다. 대상유역 고유의 매개변수 산정에는 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 검토되며, 국내의 중규모 유역에 대한 적용도 가능하다고 판단된다.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.2 s.28
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• pp.95-104
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• 2006

Hysteresis is a common feature exhibited in hydraulic properties of an unsaturated soil. This study focuses on hysteresis observed in a compacted weathered granite subgrade soils based on the pressure plate laboratory tests. It was found that the Soil-Water Characteristics Curve of a soil is hysteretic and unique. The results also show that the wetting and drying curves predicted using the Fredlund and Xing model is quite close to the laboratory-measured results. For a specific matric suction, water content or coefficient of permeability on a wetting curve is always lower than those found on a drying curve.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.696-706
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to clarify the palatal forms through palatal curvatures of right to left, anterior to posterior direction, and difference of right and left palatal volumes in the primary and permanent dentition. Samples were consisted of normal occlusion of both dentition(50 males and 50 females each). Their upper plaster casts were used, measuring points were decided, through 3-dimensional laser scanning(3-D Laser Scanner, DS4060, LDI, U.S.A.), and fitting standard horizontal plane were made for measuring the height and sectioned volumes of palate. The results were as follows: 1. Palatal volume and height were greater at the right side of the palate in the primary and permanent dentition of male and female, but there was no significance. 2. Palatal height was greater in male compared to female, especially, there was significant difference at intercuspid, inter-second premolar area in the permanent dentition(P<0.05). 3. To the height of A-P direction of mid-palatal area, the highest point was 20mm in the primary dentition, 30mm in the permanent dentition from interdental papilla of central incisors. 4. Palatal height of inter-cuspid and inter-second premolar became shallow and broad, high and broad each, compared to inter-deciduous canine and inter-second deciduous molar.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.433-433
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• 2011

수자원 계획 및 관리를 위한 지표 자료로서 일유량은 매우 유용하기 때문에 정확한 일유량 산정의 문제는 매우 중요하다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우 조석이나 배수 갑문 혹은 보 등에 의한 배수 영향으로 인해 수위-유량관계곡선식만으로 정상적인 유량산정이 어려운 지점이 다수 존재한다. 특히, 한강대교 지점과 같이 조석영향 구간에서 수위-유량관계곡선식에 의해 산정된 일유량은 자료에 대한 곡선식의 적합도 문제로 그 정확도가 매우 낮았다. 최근 자동유량측정에 의해 시간단위 이하의 실시간 유량이 생산되고 있고 이를 이용하여 일유량을 환산하고 있어 과거에 비해 보다 정확한 일유량 산정이 가능해 졌다. 그러나 신뢰도 있는 일유량을 안정적으로 제공하기 위해서는 보다 다양한 조건을 고려한 비교 검증 연구가 요구되는 실정이다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구에서는 한강대교 지점과 같이 조석영향을 받는 지점의 일유량 산정방법 및 산정개념에 따른 유황의 차이와 적정성을 평가하여 보았다. 각 산정방법 및 산정개념 별로 산정된 일유량을 통해 유황을 산정하여 한강대교 지점의 일유량 산정방법에 대한 적정성을 평가하고 적절한 유황산정을 위한 목적별 대안을 제시하였다. 산정방법 별로는 기존의 수위-유량관계 곡선식으로 변환된 자료, 자동유량측정자료, 그리고 자동유량측정자료에서 조석성분을 제거한 순수 유출성분자료를 이용하여 일유량을 산정하였고, 이를 이용하여 산정된 유황에 대한 비교 분석을 실시하였다. 수위-유량관계곡선식에 의한 일유량은 수문조사연보의 자료를 이용하였고 자동유량자료를 이용한 일유량은 시자료를 평균하여 일유량으로 환산하는 방법을 사용하였다. 자동유량 자료에서 조석성분을 제거한 순수 유출성분의 추출은 웨이블릿 변환(wavelet transform)을 이용하였다. 각 방법별로 산정된 일유량을 비교한 결과 수위-유량관계곡선식에 의해 산정된 일유량이 자동 유량자료로 산정된 일유량에 비해 전반적으로 크게 나타났고, 2009년 한해 동안의 유출용적을 비교해 본 결과 18%정도 더 크게 산정되었다. 산정개념에 따른 비교에서는 조석성분 유량의 유효성 여부에 따른 유황을 비교하였으며, 조석성분 유량도 실효적 유량으로 간주한 경우 이론적 확률 분포형에 적합시켜 산정한 평균 갈수량은 15.7 ��/s(동절기 이상 거동기간인 2009년 11월 17일-12월 12일 기간을 제외하고 산정된 결과이나 불확실성은 잔존)에서 $53.2m^3/s$로 증가하였다. 따라서 유지유량의 목적상 경관용수나 생태용수가 중요한 지점으로 조석성분 유량이 이에 유효하다면, 유황산정을 위한 한강대교 지점의 일유량 산정방법은 다양한 목적에 비추어 추가적인 분석 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.