• Title/Summary/Keyword: 요인실험계획

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A study on the accuracy of source position in HDR brachytherapy according to the curvature of Universal applicator transfer tube and applicator type (원격 후 장전치료기를 사용한 고선량률 근접치료시 기구의 형태와 선원 전달 도관의 곡률 변화에 따른 선원위치 정확성에 관한 고찰)

  • Shin, Hyeon Kyung;Lee, Sang Kyoo;Kim, Joo Ho;Cho, Jeong Hee
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.123-129
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    • 2015
  • Purpose : The goal of this study was to verify and analyze the source position according to the curvature of the universal applicator and 4 different angle applicators when using RALS(Remote After Loading System). Materials and Methods : An interval of 1 cm and 15 second dwell times in each source position were applied for plan. To verify the accuracy of source position, we narrowed the distance between MultiSource container and GAFCHROMIC$^{(R)}$ EBT3 film by 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm so that the universal applicator transfer tube had some curvature. Also 4 applicators(Intrauterine tube: $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, Ovoid tube: $65^{\circ}$) were used in the same condition. The differences between desired and actual source position were measured by using Image J. Results : In case of using 4 different angles of applicator with the straight universal applicator transfer tube, the average error was the lowest for $0^{\circ}$ applicator, greatest for $65^{\circ}$ applicator. However, All average errors were within ${\pm}2mm$ recommended in TG-56. When MultiSource container was moved 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm towards the EBT3 film, the average errors were beyond ${\pm}2mm$. The first dwell position was relatively located in accuracy, while the second and third dwells were displaced by an increasing magnitude with increasing curvature of the transfer tube. Furthermore, with increasing the angle of applicators, the error of all other dwell positioning was increased. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that both the curvature of universal applicator transfer tube and the angle of applicators affect the source dwell position. It is recommended that using straight universal applicator transfer tubes is followed in all cases, in order to avoid deviations in the delivered source dwell position. Also, It is advisable to verify the actual dwell position, using video camera quality control tool prior to all treatments.

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A study on the search and selection processes of targets presented on the CRT display (컴퓨터 모니터에 제시된 표적의 탐색과 선택과정에 관한 연구)

  • 이재식;신현정;도경수
    • Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.37-51
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    • 2000
  • The present study compared computer users target-selection response patterns when the targets were varied in terms of their relative location and distance from the current position of the cursor. In Experiment 1, where the mouse was used as an input device, the effects of different directions and distances of simple target(small rectangle) on target-selection response were investigated. The results of Experiment 1 can be summarized as follows: (1) Overshooting was more frequent than either undershooting or correct movement and (2) this tendency was more prominent when the targets were presented in the oblique direction or in farther location from the current cursor position. (3) Although the overshooting and undershooting were more frequent in the oblique direction, the degree of deviation was larger in horizontal and vertical direction. (4) Time spent in moving the mouse rather than that spent in planning, calibrating or clicking was found to be the most critical factor in determining total response time. In Experiment 2, effects of the font size and line-height of the target on target-selection response were compared with regard to two types of input devices(keyboard vs. mouse). The results are as follows: (1) Mouse generally yielded shorter target-selection time than keyboard. but this tendency was reversed when the targets were presented in horizontal and vertical directions. (2) In general, target-selection time was the longest in the condition of font size of 10 and line-height of 100%, and the shortest in the condition of font size of 12 and line-height of 150%. (3) When keyboard was used as the input device, target-selection time was shortest in the 150% line-height condition, whereas in the mouse condition, target-selection time tended to be increased as the line-height increased. which resulted in the significant interaction effect between input device and line-height. Finally, several issues relating to human-computer interaction were discussed based on the results of the present study.

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Statistical Optimization of Production Medium for Enhanced Production of Itaconic Acid Biosynthesized by Fungal Cells of Aspergillus terreus (Aspergillus terreus에 의해 생합성되는 이타콘산의 생산성 증가를 위한 통계적 생산배지 최적화)

  • Jang, Yong-Man;Shin, Woo-Shik;Lee, Do-Hoon;Kim, Sang-Yong;Park, Chul-Hwan;Jeong, Yong-Seob;Chun, Gie-Taek
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.30-40
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    • 2009
  • Statistical optimization of the production medium was carried out in order to find an optimal medium composition in itaconic acid fermentation process. Itaconic acid utilized in the manufacture of various synthetic resins is a dicarboxylic acid biosynthesized by fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus in a branch of the TCA cycle via decarboxylation of cis-aconitate. Through OFAT (one factor at a time) experiments, six components (glucose, fructose, sucrose, soluble starch, soybean meal and cottonseed flour) were found to have significant effects on itaconic production among various carbon- and nitrogen-sources. Hence, using these six factors, interactive effects were investigated via fractional factorial design, showing that the initial concentrations of sucrose and cottonseed flour should be high for enhanced production of itaconic acid. Furthermore, through full factorial design (FFD) experiments, negative effects of $KH_2PO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ on itaconic acid biosynthesis were demonstrated, when excess amounts of the each component were initially added. Based on the FFD analysis, further statistical experiments were conducted along the steepest ascent path, followed by response surface method (RSM) in order to obtain optimal concentrations of the constituent nutrients. As a result, optimized concentrations of sucrose and cottonseed flour were found to be 90.4g/L and 53.8g/L respectively, with the corresponding production level of itaconic acid to be 4.36 g/L (about 7 fold higher productivity as compared to the previous production medium). From these experimental results, it was assumed that optimum ratio of the constituent carbon (sucrose) and nitrogen (cottonseed flour) sources was one of the most important factors for the enhanced production of itaconic acid.

Analysis on the Characteristics of Ventilation and Cooling for Greenhouses Constructed in Reclaimed Lands (간척지 온실의 환기 및 냉방 특성 분석)

  • Nam, Sang-Woon;Shin, Hyun-Ho
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.181-187
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for development of environmental design technology for greenhouses constructed in reclaimed lands. The climatic conditions around seven major reclaimed land areas with a plan to install advanced horticultural complexes in Korea were analyzed. The characteristics of natural ventilation and temperature rise through the thermal environment measurement of the greenhouse in Saemangeum were analyzed. The part to be applied to the environmental design of the greenhouses in reclaimed lands were reviewed. Results of comparing the ventilation rate of the greenhouse according to the presence or absence of plants showed the greenhouse with plants had the lower ventilation rate, but the smaller rise of indoor temperature due to the evapotranspiration of plants. In the greenhouse with plants, the number of air changes was in the range of 0.3 to 0.9 volumes/min and the average was 0.7 volumes/min. The rise of indoor temperature relative to outdoor temperature was in the range of 1 to $5^{\circ}C$ and the average $2.5^{\circ}C$. The natural ventilation performance of the experimental greenhouse constructed in the reclaimed land almost satisfied the recommended ventilation rate in summer and the rise of indoor temperature relative to outdoor temperature did not deviate considerably from the cultivation environment of plants. Therefore, it was determined that the greenhouse cultivation in Saemangeum reclaimed land is possible with only natural ventilation systems without cooling facilities. As the reclaimed land is located in the seaside, the wind is stronger than the inland area, and the fog is frequent. This strong wind speed increases the ventilation rate of greenhouses, which is considered to be a factor for reducing the cooling load. In addition, since the fog duration is remarkably longer than that of inland area, the seasonal cooling load is expected to decrease, which is considered to be advantageous in terms of the operation cost of cooling facilities.

Relativeness between Growth and Bio-informations of Aeroponically Grown Tomato as Influenced by Spray Intervals of Nutrient Solution (양액의 분무간격에 따른 분무경재배 토마토의 생장 및 생체정보와의 관련성)

  • 정순주;소원온;지전영남;영목방부
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.154-161
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    • 1992
  • This experiment was carried oui to determine the relativeness between growth, yield characters and bio-informations as influenced by the spray and rest time intervals of nutrient solution. Tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in aeroponic system on a misting schedule of continuously 60 sec, 30 sec and 10 sec at 10 min intervals with full strength Yamazaki's solution recommended for tomato production. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Leaf area was highest in the plot of 30 sec spray and 10 min rest while the forest one was the plot of 60 sec spray and 10 min rest. Growth characteristics in terms of dry weight of each organ, number of flower, number of flower setted and fruit dry weight were greater in the plot of 30 sec spray and 10 min rest than the other treatments. 2. The number of flower increased with decreasing dry weight but number of flower sorted was not significantly different among treatment except for the plot of 60 sec spray and 10 min rest. 3. Leaf dry weight and fruit dry weight were highly correlated so that 30 sec spray and 10 min rest plot which is the highest fruit dry weight showed the largest leaf area. Continuously sprayed plot reduced markedly the fruit dry weight compared with leaf area. Optimum spray and rest time of nutrient solution in the range of this experiment was determined as 30 sec spray and 10 min rest. 4. Solar radiation within glasshouse during daytime reduced severely compared with outdoor one and air temperature within greenhouse was higher than the leaf temperature of tomato plant. The changes of environmental factors, solar radiation, temperature were accompanied with the sensitive change of bio-informations of tomato leaf Especially differences of spray intervals of nutrient solution affected greatly to the changes of bio-informations : leaf water potential, stomatal resistance and leaf temperature etc. 5. The changing patterns of leaf growth as influenced by the spray and rest intervals of nutrient solution were closely related to the leaf water potential, stomatal resistance and leaf temperature. Feasibility was demonstrated that measurement of bio-information of tomato leaf as influenced by the change of environmental factors could be expected to the amount of growth and fruit yield.

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반응표면분석에 의한 쇠고기 야채 쌀죽의 이화학적 및 관능적 특성 변화

  • 이용욱;금준석;은종방
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.167.2-168
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    • 2003
  • 현대 사회는 서구적인 식생활의 변화로 인해 조리가 간편하고 조리 시간이 짧은 즉석식품과 영양 기호식품을 동시에 충족시켜주는 음식에 대한 소비가 늘고 있는 실정이다. 또한 최근 미곡의 공급량에 비해서 소비량이 해마다 감소하여 재고미의 증가를 볼 때, 쌀의 새로운 이용방법 모색이 절실히 요망된다. 따라서 쌀의 소비촉진과 현대사회의 소비형태를 접목시켜서 쇠고기와 야채를 이용한 즉석쌀죽을 개발하고자 하였다. 쇠고기, 야채 및 쌀가루를 이용한 soup mix의 최적 배합비를 설정하기 위하여 제조조건에 따라 다르게 제조한 쇠고기 야채 쌀죽의 이화학적 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 변화를 조사하였다. 이때 야채의 배합비에 따른 이화학적 및 관능적 특성을 모니터링 하고자 반응표면분석법 (response surface methodology, RSM)을 이용하였다. 요인변수(Xn)를 쌀의 양에 대한 버섯의 비율 (X$_1$), 당근의 비율 (X$_2$), 대파의 비율 (X$_3$)로 하여 중심합성계획에 따라 17실험구로 구분하여 조리실험을 실시하였고, 반응변수(Yn)는 soup mix를 이용하여 제조한 쇠고기 야채 쌀죽의 이화학적 특성인 색도의 L*값 (Y$_1$), a*값 (Y$_2$), b*값 (Y$_3$), 점도(Y$_4$), 퍼짐성 (Y$_{5}$), 고형분 함량(Y$_{6}$), PH (Y$_{7}$)으로 하였으며 관능적 특성인 색 (Y$_{8}$), 향 (Y$_{9}$), 점성 (Y$_{10}$), 맛 (Y$_{11}$), 전체적인 기호도 (Y$_{12}$)를 종속변수로 하여 회귀분석에 이용하였다. 회귀분석에 의한 모델식의 예측에는 SAS (statistical analysis system)program을 사용하였으며, 3차원 반응표면 분석법으로 해석하였다. 야채의 배합비에 따라 제조한 쇠고기 야채 쌀죽의 물리적 특성인 색도의 L*, a*, b* 값에 대한 반응표면 회귀식의 $R^2$은 각각 0.6098(p> 0.05), 0.8803 (p <0.05), 0.6781(p> 0.05)로서 b값에 있어서 그 유의성이 5%수준에서 인정되어 b값에 미치는 영향이 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. L*값은 63-68사이로, a*값은 0.13에서 -0.89사이를 b*값은 2-5값 사이에서 변화하여 제조한 죽의 색이 옅은 황색임을 알 수 있었다. 고형분 함량, 퍼짐성과 pH에 대한 $R^2$은 각각 0.4280, 0.5433과 0.2406임을 볼 때 버섯, 당근, 대파의 비율에 따라 제조한 쇠고기 야채 쌀죽의 고형분 함량, 퍼짐성과 pH는 설정된 범위내에서 그 유의성이 인정되지 않아 큰 영향을 미치지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 관능검사 결과, 색과 향에 대한 반응표면 회귀식의 $R^2$은 각각0.6000과 0.7825이고 P-value는 각각 0.4290과 0.0942로서 5% 수준에서 유의한 상관성이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 맛과 점성에 대한 $R^2$은 0.8717과 0.8068이고 P-value는 각각 0.0195 (p <0.05)와 0.0612로서 야채의 배합비에 따라 맛에 있어서 유의확률 5%수준에서 그 유의성이 인정되었으며, 전체적인 기호도에 대한 유의성은 $R^2$이 0.8463이고 P-value는 0.0344 (p <0.05)임을 볼 때, 설정된 범위내에서 야채의 배합비에 따라 제조한 쇠고기 야채 쌀죽의 맛과 기호도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 최대 임계점이 버섯의 첨가량은 0.99%, 당근의 첨가량은 0.97%, 대파의 첨가량은 0.59%에서 최적 반응표면을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 야채의 배합비에 따른 맛과 전체적인 기호도에 있어서 그 유의성이 5%수준에서 모두 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며, soup mix 제조시 쌀가루 양에 대한 야채의 최적 배합비는 버섯, 당근, 대파에 있어서 각각 0.99, 0.97과 0.59%임을 알 수 있었다.

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Determination of Types and Element on Parking Ramp (주차장 램프 형식 결정 및 제원 산정에 관한 연구)

  • Kwon, Sung-Dae;Kim, Yoon-Mi;Nam, Chang-Kyu;Ha, Tae-Jun
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.33 no.5
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    • pp.2021-2031
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    • 2013
  • Due to the rapid economic growth within the nation, the quality of life of individuals have improved dramatically. The scope of living activities of individuals have also extended, resulting in a rapidly increasing demand for automobiles. The number of vehicles registered in Korea is rapidly increasing and will reach 188.71 million as of December 2012. Compared to the registered residents of 50.94 million provided by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, the registered population reflects about 4 people per every automobile. Due to the high demands for vehicles, the demands for parking lots in collective housing and businesses are also increasing. In reality, the current state of expansion of parking lots are underground, due to the limited available space on ground level. Specifically, the slope of a parking lot cannot exceed 17% linear slope and 14% curved slope according to the 'parking lot laws', however studies show that the driver feels at risk for safety when stopped on the parking ramp while driving in the parking lot. This study seeks to examine the suitability of parking lot ramps, concerning the safety aspects of the driver. First, the ramp type was categorized as linear or curved, then test drives were performed based on variations of slopes, slant distances, directions and points. A survey was administered to the driver after the completion of the test drive, in order to element design for an ideal ramp. In the case of curved ramp, the results of the estimate suggests a counterclockwise, slope at a maximum of 12% incline. The maximum slope for a linear ramp was analyzed to be between 13~14%, suggesting that slope greater than 15% need to be eliminated. In conclusion, it is anticipated that the element design parking ramp reported in this study will help to serve as a reference for future parking lot related guidelines, and provide cost effective traffic safety mechanisms in future parking lot businesses to follow.

Changes of Organic Acids in Takju During Storage Conditions (전통주 저장조건에 따른 유기산 변화연구)

  • Choi, Gyu-Il;Kim, Hyun-Jeong;Kim, Ho-Jin;Kim, Hyo-Rin;Kim, Dong-Ho;Ahn, Jong-Sung;Son, Young-Gyu;Song, In-Ho
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.127-132
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate of changes for organic acids in takju during storage conditions. Two types of takju, unsterilized and sterilized, were used. Acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid and succinic acid were detected in sample. Residues of malic acid was not detected after 7 days storage in room temperature($25^{\circ}C$). In contrast to lactic acid was increased by times after storage. Acetic acid concentrations was gradually increased in room temperature but was not changed in cold temperature($4^{\circ}C$). After storage for 10 days, the organic acid residues lactic acid > citric acid > succinic acid > malic acid > acetic acid in unsterilized takju. Compared to unsterilized sample, organic acid residues in sterilized sample was not significantly changed. Consequently, organic acids residues mainly affected by sterilization.

Growth Efficiency, Carcass Quality Characteristics and Profitability of Finishing Pigs Slaughtered at 130 vs. 110Kg (110kg 대비 130kg에 도축된 비육돈의 성장효율, 도체 품질 특성 및 수익성)

  • 이철영;권오천;하덕민;신호원;이제룡;하영주;이진희;하승호;김원기;김광위;김두환
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.4
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    • pp.493-502
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    • 2006
  • The slaughter weight (wt) is a most important economic factor in swine roduction. The present study was undertaken to determine if it is feasible to increase the slaughter wt of finishing pigs to 130kg without significantly affecting the growth efficiency and carcass quality. One hundred and sixty gilts and 160 barrows born from lean-type Yorkshire×Landrace (YL)-dam and Duroc (D)-sire lines, which are most widely used for terminal breeding for pork production in Gyeongsangnam-do, were randomly allocated into 16 pens under a 2 (sex)×2 (slaughter wt; 110 vs. 130kg) factorial arrangement of treatments. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet containing 3,200kcal DE/kg and 15.5% crude protein. After slaughter at the predetermined wt, yields of trimmed primal cuts and physicochemical characteristics of the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) were measured or analyzed. Average daily gain was greater (P<0.01) in barrows than in gilts (0.86 vs. 0.79kg), but it was not different between the 110- and 130-kg slaughter wt groups (P>0.05). Backfat thickness was greater in the 130- vs. 110-kg group in both sexes (gilts: 21.6 vs. 17.6 mm, barrows: 25.1 vs. 20.8 mm). The yield percentage of belly was greater in barrows than in gilts (21.2 vs. 20.5%) and also in the 130-kg vs. 110-kg group (21.4 vs. 20.2%). Major physicochemical characteristics of LD including the color, percentage of 48-h drip loss, 24-h pH and percentages of crude protein and fat were not influenced by slaughter wt. Marginal profit of the 130-kg vs. 110-kg market pig was approximately 󰠏20,000 won/head, which resulted primarily from the heavy carcass weight of the former exceeding the upper limit of the A- or B-grade. However, if it had not been for the carcass weight limit of the current grading system, a 130-kg market pig would have had a potential marginal profit greater than 20,000 won. Results suggest that slaughter wt of lean-line finishing pigs can be increased to 130kg without significantly compromising the growth efficiency and carcass quality and accordingly, the upper weight limit of the ‘good-grade’ carcass needs to be increased or abolished to accommodate the larger market pigs.

Research on the Loss of Irrigation Water Flowing in the Earth Channel (흙 수로내에서의 용수손실에 관한 연구)

  • 김철회
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.2703-2715
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    • 1972
  • 1. Title of Research Research on the Loss of Irrigation Water Flowing in Earth Channel. 2. Purpose and Importance of Research The purpose of this research is to obtain the accurate loss rated of irrigation water flowing in earth channels so as to give a criterion of designing rational and effective suplpy project of irrigations water. It is the present status that the loss rates of 10 to 20% are obscurely applied without any scientific proof. Therefore, the importance of this research lies in securing loss rates, which are experimentally proves to be suitable for specific local conditions. 3. Content and Scope of Research The selected test reach of the main channel is 1,000m long. Discharges were measured at up and downstream enps by using current meter. The test reach of the lateral channel is 500m long, and parshall flumes were set at both ends to measure inflow and outflow. Finally, for the supply ditch, the test section is 200m long, and sharp-edged rectangular weirs were provided at both ends to measure inflow and outflow. In addition, various factors influence on the loss of irrigation water in channel wer examined. 4. Results of Research and Proposition Results: 1. In the main channel, which is 1,000 M long, and has a slope of 1/3,000 and was constructed by cutting earth, its loss rate is 9.64%. 2. In the lateral, which has a slope of 1/1,500, and is 500m long, and was constructed by cutting, its loss rate is 15.55%. Its average seepage rate is 2.08cm/day. 3. In the supply ditch, which has a slope of 1/300, and is 200m long, and was constructed by filling earth, its loss rate is 12.34%, its average seepage rate being 3.37cm/day. Proposition: As could be seen in the results above-mentioned, it is contradictory to apply a loss rate of 20% for every main channels and 15% for every laterals without variation, as done so for in planning irrigation project. The fact, however, is that loss rates must be different according to localities and characteristics. Due to the fact that this experiment is small in its scope and is nothing but a preliminary one, it is hardly possible to draw decisive conclusions with the results obtained in this research. Loss rates, that are secured through more extensive research, should be used, in order to establish precise irrigation project. Moreover, such researches should be carried out for a number of loclities throughout the nation.

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