• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.85-91
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• 2012

To reduce human life and property damage at the fire in a building, it is most critical to control flame spread in the early stage. Fire spread prevention measure generally includes fire resistance performance securing of structure member in the arson zone and use limitation based on combustion performance of finishing material. The latter is most fundamental fire safety design to determine flame spread, but domestic combustion test determines combustion performance by specimen sized fire test method. Thus, there are many restrictions in the determination of combustion performance by composite material such as sandwich panel. Especially, outer finishing material uses a variety of composite material such as dry bit, aluminum composite panel, and metal panel compared to inner finishing material. Therefore, this study would determine vertical fire spread features by a full scaled fire experiment through the test method of ISO 13785-2, an international test standard.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.369-382
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• 2016

The studies on the rural housing have focused on folk housing, but this study focuses on the contemporary rural housing with special reference to the roof types/materials and the outer wall materials. The research area of this study is the fourteen rural settlements in Jeju Island. The hip roof type, the hip/flat roof type, the simple-flat roof type, the gable roof type, and the eyebrow-and-flat roof type are the most frequent roof types. Among the roof materials, the precoated steel plate, the artificial slate, the cement, the cement/roof tile, and the cement/artificial slate are the most frequent materials. The cement holds more than a half of the outer wall materials, and the cement/basalt rock, the tile/cement, the tile, and the diverse siding are the next frequent outer wall materials. The comparison of the rural housing reveals that there are some clear differences between Jeju Island and Gyeongnam Province in terms of the roof types and the outer wall materials.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.441-454
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• 2016

This study deals with the contemporary rural housing with special reference to the roof types/materials and the outer wall materials in Ulleungdo Mountains. The most frequent roof type of rural housing is the hip-and-gable roof type(42.1%); and the next, the gable roof type(25.8%). For the roof materials, the precoated steel plate(69.1%), the asphalt shingle(11.8%), and the cement(10.7%) are the most frequent but the roofing tile and the artificial slate are not used. And for the outer wall materials, the cement(27.5%), the siding(21.3%), the corrugated galvanized iron(16.8%), and the lumber sheet(6.7%) are the most frequent. It is the hip-and-gable roof housing type with the precoated steel plate(roof materials)(41%), or the hip-and-gable roof housing type with the precoated steel plate(roof materials) and the cement(outer wall material) (18.0%) that is the most frequent type of rural housing in Ulleungdo Mountains. For the roof/wall materials, the ratio of the corrugated galvanized iron is high probably due to the relatively low cost of transport, and the ratio of the roofing tile, the artificial slate, the red brick, and the building stone is very low probably due to the relatively high cost of transport.

• Journal of the Korea Construction Safety Engineering Association
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• v.2 no.1 s.3
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• pp.65-77
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• 1992

철근콘크리트 건물에 발생하는 균열은 그 원인이 크게 표1과 같이 콘크리트의 재료성질과 시공 그리고 외적요인과 하중으로 분류되고 있다. 그중 외벽에 발생하는 균열의 원인은 콘크리트 수축에 기인하는 것외에 다짐불량에 의한 코올드 조인트와 철근 부식 등에 의한 팽창균열 등 여러가지가 있다. 본고는 특히 중요한 수축균열에 한정하여 그 실태와 대책의 동향을 설명한다.「수축에 의해 발생하는 균열」의 원인은 콘크리트의 건조수축, 수화열에 의한 열수축 및 외기온의 변동에 의한 온도수축으로 대별될 수 있다. 실제의 건물 외벽균열은 이들이 복합적으로 작용하여 발생한다. 따라서 본 고에서는 이러한 종류의 균열실태에 대해 조사사례와 연구보고를 소개함과 동시에 균열 메카니즘. 방지대책 등에 대해 이해를 돕기 위한 자료를 제공한다. 본고는 1992년 2월에 소유가 발표한 일본 콘크리트 공학의 "RC건물외벽의 수축균열의 실태와 그 대책"을 중심으로 요약한 내용이다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.75-85
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• 2018

The Grenpell tower fire in England in June of 2016 is a representative example of damage caused by a vertical fire spreading through external insulation. Organic insulation materials, which are widely used in external insulation, have the disadvantage that they have good insulation performance but are vulnerable to fire. Aluminum composite panels are used as exterior wall finishing materials, and plastics used in aluminum are regarded as the cause of vertical fire spread. Due to the steel frame used to secure the aluminum composite panel to the outer wall, a cavity is formed between the outer wall and outer wall finish. When a fire occurs on the outer wall, the flammable outer wall as well as the flame generated from the heat-insulating material spreads vertically through the cavity, resulting in damage to people and property. In Korea, material unit performance tests are carried out by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport notice 2015 - 744. However, in the UK, the BS 8414 test is used to measure the vertical fire spreading time on the outer wall in real scale fire tests. In this study, the risk of external wall fire was evaluated in an actual fire by conducting a real scale wall fire test (BS 8414), which was carried out in Europe, using aluminum composite panels of semi-noncombustible materials suitable for current domestic standards. The purpose of this study was to confirm the limitations of material unit evaluation of finishing materials and to confirm the necessity of introducing a system to prevent the spread of outer wall fire through an actual scale fire test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.61-62
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• 2021

Exterior wall molding, which is widely applied as a design element of the exterior wall of domestic apartment, should be applied as a nonflammable or semi-nonflammable material grade according to the rules on standards for evacuation/fire protection structures of buildings. For this reason, stone and AL sheet are mainly used, but stone is expensive and design autonomy is low. Inorganic reinforced CLC nonflammable molding was applied to the exterior wall of the building through tests of nonflammable performance, noise reduction, and installation stability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.249-249
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• 2010

핵융합로에서는 디버터의 열부하에 대한 안전성을 고려하기 위해 열전도도 및 열 저항성이 높은 텅스텐이 대면 물질로 고려되고 있으며, 경제적인 측면과 실용성 측면에서 텅스텐블록을 직접 제작하여 사용하는 것보다 텅스텐코팅이 효과적이라는 의견이 지배적이다. 또한 ASDEX Upgrade 에서는 탄소블럭에 텅스텐을 코팅하여 챔버 외벽 및 디버터 영역까지 구성하여 캠페인을 진행하였고, 재료적인 측면에서 안정성을 확인 하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 디버터 및 챔버외벽 등에 대한 대면물질을 구성하기 위해 상압 열플라즈마 제트를 이용하여 고온에서의 용융 및 냉각을 통해 모재에 텅스텐 피막을 적층하는 과정을 수행하고 있다. 기존의 연구를 통해 일부 공정 변수에 대해서는 이미 적정한 범위의 공정조건을 확보하였고, 기공도와 산화도 및 부착력 등의 물성치에 대한 추가적인 향상을 위해 주요 공정 변수에 집중하여 최적의 조건을 탐색하는 과정이 진행 중이다. 이를 위해 출력증가실험의 일환으로서 기존 36kW급 플라즈마 토치 전력을 한 단계 끌어 올려 48kW급 전력까지 단계적으로 상승시킴으로써 이에 따른 물성치 변화를 검증하고 있다. 현재 44kW 급까지 실험이 수행되었으며, 이를 통해 공극률 감소 및 미세구조 변화에 대한 결과를 얻었다. 실제로 토치의 출력을 증가시킴으로서 텅스텐 피막의 물성치가 변화하는 메커니즘은 플라즈마 제트의 중심부 온도 및 축방향 속도에 의해 결정된다. 중심부 온도가 상승하게 될수록 코팅을 위해 분사되는 분말의 용융률은 증가하지만 분말 외벽에 산화텅스텐이 형성될 가능성은 증가하게 되며, 플라즈마 제트의 모재를 향상 축방향 속도가 증가할수록 용융 된 분말이 모재에 증착 시 형성하는 형태가 원형에 가깝게 되므로 기공이 감소하는 효과가 발생한다. 특히 용융된 분말의 증착 형태는 모재의 온도 및 분말의 입사속도에 결정적이 영향을 받게 되며, 결국 모재와 분말사이의 습윤성에 의한 분말 분산속도가 분말의 입사속도에 버금갈 경우 분말은 모재 위에서 효과적으로 원형으로 전이하며 적층하게 된다. 이러한 전이 현상은 앞에서 언급한 모재의 온도 등에 의해 결정적으로 영향을 받게 되며, 모재의 온도가 전이온도 이하일 경우 폭파형태에서 원형으로 분말의 증착 형태가 전이하게 된다. 이외에 추가적으로 진행하고 있는 연구는 코팅 전처리에 해당하는 분말 효과이며, 특히 탄화텅스텐 분말을 통한 재료적 auto-shroud 효과와 미세분말을 이용한 분말 표면열속의 증가에 따른 용융률 증가효과를 연구에 포함할 계획이다. 이러한 연구는 열적, 그리고 재료적 해석을 바탕으로 해석적 접근을 통해 이루어진다.

• Bulletin of the Korea Photovoltaic Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2022

전 세계적으로 탄소중립에 대한 중요도가 증가하면서 국내에서도 이를 위한 그린뉴딜 정책이 발표되었다. 태양전지는 탄소중립 실현을 위한 중요한 신재생에너지 중의 하나이며, 최근에는 실외 거치형 발전 시스템을 넘어 건축 창호 및 외벽, 자동차 선루프, IoT 센서 구동용 전원 등 다양한 분야에서 제품들과의 융합화를 위한 소재/시스템 기술이 개발되고 있다. 본 원고에서는 유기태양전지를 활용한 Product integrated 태양전지 소재 및 응용 기술에 대해서 살펴보고자 한다. 특히, 실내 조명을 이용한 유기태양전지 기술에 대해 자세히 논의하고자 한다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

A sandwich panel is a composite material composed of a double-sided noncombustible material and insulation core which is used in the inner, outer walls, and roof structure of a building. Despite its excellent insulation performance, light weight and excellent constructability, a flame is brought into the inside of the panel through the joint between the panels, melting the core easily and causing casualties and property damage due to the rapid spread of flame. The current Building Law provides that the combustion performance of finishing materials for buildings should be determined using a fire test on a small amount of specimen and only a product that passes the stipulated performance standard should be used. This law also provides that in the case of finishing materials used for the outer walls of buildings, only materials that secured noncombustible or quasi-noncombustible performance should be used or flame spread prevention (FSP) should be installed. The purpose of this study was to confirm the difference between the dangers of horizontal and vertical fire spread by applying FSP, which is applied to finishing materials used for the outer walls of buildings limitedly to a sandwich panel building. Therefore, the combustion behavior and effects on the sandwich panel according to the application of FSP were measured through the construction to block the spread of flame between the panels using a full scale fire according to the test method specified in ISO 13784-1 and a metallic structure. The construction of FSP on the joint between the panels delayed the spread of flame inside the panels and the flash over time was also delayed, indicating that it could become an important factor for securing the fire safety of a building constructed using complex materials.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

In today's diversified society, it is hard to know which building style represents the architectural style of the time. The simplicity found in monolithic-style buildings forms a symmetrical point with fairly complex structure, and its value can be acknowledged. This study analyzes buildings made of insulating lightweight aggregate concrete in the early 21st century, defines the concept of monolithic expression, and examines how these characteristics are expressed in the space, forms, and structural methods in construction. Unlike a multi-layered exterior wall system, which features multiple layers composed of a variety of materials, the exterior walls built with insulating lightweight aggregate concrete comes in a lump form with a mold form that is tightly filled with concrete as a single material and is monolithic. This is attributed to the creation of spaces characterized by the homogeneity of inner and outer spaces with the use of the same material, continuity of the surface as solidity, spatial characteristics of the stereotomic construction, expression of materiality with the use of exposed concrete, and the contrast of the lump and the space. This not only reveals formal characteristics that expose a discourse about monolithic architecture in contemporary architecture but also provide an opportunity to extend the range of discussion to structures and materials and even to their effects on space.