• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.373-380
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• 2008

In order to develop optimal formulation and iontophoresis condition for the transdermal delivery of levodopa, we have evaluated the effect of two permeation enhancers, ethanol and oleic acid in microemulsion, on transdermal delivery of levodopa. In vitro flux studies were performed at $33^{\circ}C$, using side-by-side diffusion cell and full thickness hairless mouse skin. Current density applied was $0.4\;mA/cm^2$ and current was off after 6 hours application. Levodopa was analysed by HPLC at 280 nm. The o/w microemulsions of oleic acid in buffer solution (pH 2.5 & 4.5) were prepared using oleic acid, Tween 80 and ethanol. The existence of microemulsion regions were investigated in pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Contrary to our expectation, cumulative amount of levodopa transported from microemulsion (pH 2.5) for 10 hours was similar to that from aqueous solution in all delivery methods (passive, anodal and cathodal). When pH of the micro-emulsion was pH 4.5, cumulative amount of levodopa transported for 10 hours increased about 40% (anodal) to 50% (cathodal), when compared to that from aqueous solution. Flux from pH 4.5 microemulsion showed higher value than that from pH 2.5 in all delivery methods. These results seem to indicate that electroosmosis plays more dominant role than electrorepulsion in the flux of levodopa at pH 2.5. The effect of ethanol on iontophoretic flux was studied using pH 2.5 phosphate buffer solution containing 3% or 5% (v/v) ethanol. Flux enhancement was observed in passive and anodal delivery as the concentration of the ethanol increased. Without ethanol, cathodal delivery showed higher flux than anodal delivery. Anodal delivery increased the cumulative amount of levodopa transported 1.6 fold by 5% ethanol after 10 hours. However, in cathodal delivery, no flux enhancement of levodopa was observed during current application and only marginal increase in cumulative amount transported after 10 hours was observed by 5% ethanol. These results seem to be related to the decrease in dielectric constant of the medium and the lipid extraction of the ethanol, which decrease the electroosmotic flow, and thus decrease the flux. Overall, the results provide important insights into the role of electroosmosis and electrorepulsion in the transport of levodopa through skin, and provide some useful informations for optimal formulation for levodopa.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2010

Emission from biomass combustion such as meat charbroiling is an important source of organic aerosol. Since source profiles are necessary input profiles for source apportionment of aerosol by a chemical mass balance model, meat cooking organic source profiles are developed by measuring organic marker compounds, including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and cholesterol as well as PAH compounds. Emissions from meat and pork charbroiling are collected on quartz filters with a PM10-high volume sampler, extracted with organic solvents, derivatized with diazomethane/TMS and analyzed by GC/MS isotope dilution method. Organic and elemental carbon are also analyzed by an OCEC analyzer. Wt.% of cholesterol to the organic carbon(OC) content from beef and pork charbroiling is only 0.056 and 0.062, but wt. % of all saturated fatty acids to the OC content from beef and pork charbroiling is 2.727 and 2.022, and the wt% of all unsaturated fatty acids to the OC content is 0.278 and 0.438, respectively. Content of total PAH compounds to the OC content from beef charbroiling is higher than that from pork charbroiling, and those are 0.116 wt% and 0.044 wt%. Among PAH compounds benzo(a)pyrene as a single compound is account for 0.0071 wt% and 0.0023 wt% of OC content from beef and pork charbroiling. Ratios of marker compound to cholesterol are calculated, and those values are in good agreement with the values already reported at the food cooking emission, indicating that they can be used as organic source profiles for the apportionment of organic aerosol.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.865-874
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary addition of herbal probiotics on the Hanwoo steers' physiochemical property. A total of 50 Hanwoo steers (5 treatment groups${\times}$10 heads) were used. The crude fat content of beef has been found significant high in T2 and T3 group, and the Con 2 group had the highest heating loss (p<0.05). The water-holding capacity ranged from 56.73% through 60.16%, and the treatment group was generally higher than the control group. In particular, the T3 group showed significantly high water-holding capacity (p<0.05). The cholesterol content ranged from 41.64mg/100g through 47.33mg/100g. In the overall and the Con 2 group had significantly high cholesterol content (p<0.05). Furthermore, the oleic acid and MUFA had significant high T2 and T3 group in the fatty acid composition (p<0.05), but the amino acid content made no difference between the treatment groups.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2009

The effects of short-term waterlogging on physiological responses, fatty acid compositions and yield components of rapeseed at both the vegetative growth and the reproductive growth stages were assessed in this study. Waterlogged plants were treated for a period of 10 days at the vegetative growth stage and 4 days at the reproductive growth stage. The results show that photosynthesis and stomatal conductance at both the vegetative growth and the reproductive growth stage were significantly reduced during the waterlogging period and after the recovery period. When the plants were removed from water, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance progressively restored similar values to those of control plants within $2{\sim}3$ days. Fatty acid compositions were unaffected by waterlogging treatment. However, yield components (pod number and pod length) of the waterlogged treated plants at the reproductive growth stage were significantly reduced. These results suggest that short-term waterlogging may thus influence oilseed yield component.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.192-200
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• 1984

Total lipid contents in rice bran for Poong-San(Tongil) and Dong-Jin(Japonica) were 16.13% and 16.97%, respectively. Neutral lipids for Pong-San(75.20%) were slightly higher than those for Dong-Jin(73.69%), whereas contents of glycolipid for Poong-San(16.71%) were lower than those for Dong-Jin(22.80%). Contents of phospholipid in Poong-San(8.09%) were much higher than those in Dong-Jin(3.51%). Acid, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid value of total lipids extracted from rice bran of Poong-San were slightly lower than those of Dong-Jin. Iodine value showed the reverse trend. The neutral lipids were fractionated and identified as hydrocarbon, esterified sterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, free sterol, diglyceride and monoglyceride. Triglyceride contents were less than common edible oils, but diglyceride and monoglyceride contents were higher. Among the glycolipids contained in the polar lipids, esterified sterylglycoside(11.46%) was the most abundant. Of the phospholipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl choline were the major components. Main fatty acids in the total lipids, three lipid components and stepwise eluted individual lipids were olelic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid. The fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids was similar to that of the total lipids. In glycolipids, the content of linoleic acid was higher than that of oleic acid, and palmitic acid was predominant in the fatty acid composition of the esterified sterylglycoside.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.542-551
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• 2005

This study is to investigate the characteristics of emission concentration according to wallpaper sort and emission time using small chamber method. The target compounds included 45 VOCs and formaldehyde, which were respectively determined by adsorption sampling and thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS method, and by sampling in DNPH cartridge and HPLC method. The emission factor of TVOC and HCHO was detected to $1.1mg/m^2{\cdot}h$ and $0.01mg/m^2{\cdot}h$ respectively, and the wallpapers of 25 satisfied emission standard. TVOC emission factor appeared in order of the concentration of PVC, natural, and Non-PVC wallpaper, while HCHO was detected very low concentration without relation to wallpaper sort. The paraffin hydrocarbons appeared to be the most contributable class of hydrocarbons in terms of their concentrations, followed by aromatics, and olefins, halogenated hydrocarbons was not detected. PVC wallpapers plentifully emitted TVOC above other wallpapers, and toluene was showed higher concentration of 10 times than natural wallpaper. In addition to, emission factor according to elapse was gradually decreased.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2014

Mesoporous SAPO-34 catalyst was successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method using carbon nanotube (CNT) as a secondary template. The effects of CNT contents (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.5 mol%) on catalytic performances were investigated. The synthesized catalysts were characterized with XRD, SEM, nitrogen physisorption isotherm and $NH_3$-TPD. Among the synthesized catalysts, SAPO-34 catalyst prepared by the addition of 1.5 mol% CNT (1.5C-SAPO-34) observed not only the largest amounts of mesopore volume but also acid sites. However, the mesopore volume was relatively decreased by further increasing of CNT contents due to the formation of small crystalline. The catalytic lifetime and the selectivity of light olefins ($C_2{\sim}C_4$) were examined for the dimethyl ether to olefins reaction. As a result, the 1.5C-SAPO-34 catalyst showed an improvement of ca. 36% in a catalytic lifetime and a better selectivity to light olefins as compared with the general SAPO-34 catalyst.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2011

To develop new varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), the seeds of three varieties 'Naehan', 'Tammi', and 'Halla' were treated with proton ion beams and gamma rays (0~2,000 Gy), and then the characteristics of the mutants induced were examined up to $M_5$ generation to select the lines with fixed useful traits. In $M_5$ generation, we had selected several lines that were highly fixed for some useful traits such as plant height, maturity and flower size; one line with both earlier maturity and shorter stem than wild type, one line with only earlier maturity, two lines with shorter stem, one line with large flower, and one line with chlorophyll mutation. Among them, NP600-1-1-198-2 (induced from variety 'Naehan' was treated with proton ion beams 600 Gy) was superior for its distinction from the original variety, uniformity and stability. The unique characteristics of NP600-1-1-198-2 were dark green leaves, green stem, yellow flower, and black seed coat. Its flowering date was April 14, eight days earlier than its original variety, while seed maturity date was June 16 (five days earlier) and plant height 105 cm (shorter by 10 cm). NP600-1-1-198-2 has 52 silique per panicle, 6.2 cm silique length, 23 seeds per silique, 4.2 g per 1000 seeds and 45.9% oil content. The seed oil contained 67.8% of oleic acid, 16.7% of linoleic acid and 7.3% of linolenic acid but no erucic acid.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.211-217
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• 2019

The three major inventions of Jeju include the field wall of Kim Koo Pan Gwan in 1234, Jeongnang in the custom of grazing the people of Jeju, and Olleh in the tomb of Munbang-gui in 1406. Field wall, Oedam from the stone and the stone of numerical play, made Koendang, a friendship society. Even with a typhoon that is more than 30m/s, the Koendang which is about 1.5m high, will not collapse. Similarly, the main family networks of Jeju society do not collapse under any difficulties situation. When building a field wall, two stones, which are under the ground, are placed side by side, and the upper left stone is placed on top and the upper right stone is attached regularly. One stone or two stone is attached from the bottom to the top, and when a stone is small or large, a flat field is formed in one space. The Family networks is close to the grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, and me, and the distant kin represents a horizontal relationship. The field wall is a vertical relationship that builds up from bottom to top of the vertical relation, while the Koendang is a horizontal relationship where blood is distributed to the grandson of his upper grandparents. This paper proves by a non-orthogonal symmetric weighted Hadamard matrix of whether the stone in the middle of a field wall has large stones (small).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.653-659
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• 2020

This study was focused on the synthesis of methoxy polyethylene glycol-oleanolic acid ester (mPEG-OA derivative) and investigation of its water solubility and anti-melanogenic effects. mPEG-OA derivative was identified by 1H and 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic measurements. The water solubilities of mPEG-OA derivative and OA were found to be 13 and 0.013 mg/mL and that of mPEG-OA was found to be 1000-fold higher than that of OA. The effects of mPEG-OA derivative and OA on cell viability were measured using B16F10 melanoma cells. The viability of cells treated with mPEG-OA derivative (250 μM) increased 4-fold compared to that of cells treated with OA (62.5 μM). At mPEG-OA derivative and OA concentrations where the cell viability was unaffected, the inhibitory effect of mPEG-OA derivative and OA on the melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells were 36 and 35% at 50 and 10 μM, respectively. The expression level of microphthalmia-associated transcription (MITF) was also reduced in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with mPEG-OA and OA. Overall, mPEG-OA derivative showed excellent water solubility and inhibitory effects of the melanogenesis, which could be used as a potential formulation for use in whitening functional cosmetic material.