• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance, feed cost and eggshell quality. In experiment 1, 384 ISA Brown layers of 30∼38wk of age were assigned to four treatments which comprise of three replicates each containing 32 birds. The control(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein-low Ca diets, and low energy/protein-high Ca diets in a.m.(04:00∼15:00) and p.m.(15:00∼21:00), respectively. In the split diet groups, daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. Due to the reduced daily ME and CP intakes and feed cost, the conversions of feed, ME, CP and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were also significantly improved(P<0.05) in the split diet groups. Eggshell qualities (egg specific gravity, egg breaking strength and eggshell thickness) were improved(P<0.05) by split diet feeding. As the Ca level of the p.m. diet increased. In Experiment 2, 384 ISA Brown layers of 50∼58 wk of age were used in three treatments and each treatment was represented by four replicates each containing 32 birds. The control(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet group(T1) was offered high energy/protein-low Ca diets, and low energy/protein-high Ca diets in a.m.(04:00∼l5:00) and p.m.(15:00∼21:00), respectively. T2 group was fed the diet mixed (50:50) with the a.m. diets in mash and p.m. diet in pellet used T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(p.0.05), and the conversions of ME, CP and feed cost required per egg were also significantly improved(P<0.05) in T1 and T2, while the conversions of feed, ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C. Eggshell qualities of T1 and T2 were improved(P<0.05) compared to the others. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be reduced by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m. and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets were also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1996

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding split diets for a.m. and p.m. in laying hens on egg shell qualities, and to study the relationship among the methods of measuring shell quality with 480 ISA Brown layers during 32∼36, 52∼56 and 72∼76 wk of age, respectively. A total of 1,080 eggs were collected from 6 treatment groups in every laying period and weighed individually. Egg specific gravity, egg breaking strength, shell thickness and shell percentage of eggs were measured, and then correlation coefficients (r) and regression equations were calculated. By feeding the split diets for a.m. and p.m. differing in ME, CP, and Ca levels, and as the Ca level of the p. m. diet increased, eggshell qualities were improved(P<0.05). The correlation coefficient values indicate that shell percentage, shell thickness and egg specific gravity are highly correlated with the egg breaking strength(P<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of feeding split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance and feed cost with 480 ISA Brown layers for three periods during 32∼36, 52∼56 and 72∼76 wk of age, respectively. The control group(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups (T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$, T$_4$ and T$\_$5/) were offered high energy-high protein-low Ca diets, and low energy-low protein-high Ca diets in a.m. and p.m., respectively. In split diet groups, feed intake, ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production was significantly improved. However, the average egg weight was not influenced by the feeding system. Due to the reduced daily feed, ME, and CP intakes, and the improved egg production, the conversions of feed, ME, CP, and feed cost required per kg egg mass were also significantly improved (P<0.05) in splits diet groups. Among split diet groups, the T$_2$ group fed the diet devoid of Ca supplement from the conventional laying hen diet in a.m., and the diet containing the Ca supplement 2 times the conventional diet in p.m., was superior in conversion of nutrients and feed cost per kg egg mass to the other split diet groups. It was concluded that daily feed and nutrients cousumption and daily feed cost could be reduced 5∼6％ while hen-day egg production could be improved about 4％, so that about 10％ of the feed and nutrients and feed cost per kg egg mass could be spared by introducing the split diet feeding for a.m. and p.m. based on T$_2$ treatment in laying hens.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.28 no.3 s.317
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• pp.99-101
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• 1996

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 1988

In order to study the effects of feeding time (08：00 and 14：00 hours) and frequency (once a day, twice a day and once every other day) on the performances of broiler breeder hens, two experiments were conducted with 1, 248 hens of Maniker strain during 24－2 weeks (Experiment 1) and 42－60 weeks (Experiment 2) of age. The results obtained are summarized as follows ： 1. No significant differences were observed in hen－day egg production and feed conversion rate between feeding times or among feeding frequencies through the entire experimental period. 2. Mean egg weight during the age of 24－42 weeks was significantly increased by feeding in the afternoon (p＜0.01). But it was not significantly affected by feeding time or frequency during 42－60 weeks of age. 3. Fertility and hatchability of eggs at 36 weeks and 60 weeks of age were not significantly different among treatments. 4. By feeding in the afternoon egg breaking strength at 60 weeks of age was significantly improved (p＜0.05), but not at 36 weeks of age. 5. In diurnal distribution of egg production, hens fed in the afternoon produced more eggs in the afternoon than hens fed during the morning (p＜0.01).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2005

Forty-wk-old 480 ISA Brown layers were used in a 10-wk feeding trial to investigate the effects of additional various levels of limestone to a low calcium diet without any calcium additives on the performance of laying hens. There were significant differences in average egg weight (P<0.05) without any specific trend among treatments and hen-day egg production was not influenced by the dietary treatments. Daily intake and conversion per kg egg of feed excluded the calcium supplement were significantly reduced (p<0.05) as the level of additional calcium supplement increased in both types of layer diet, while those of feed included the calcium source were significantly increased (P<0.05) as the level of additional calcium supplement increased. Egg specific gravity, eggshell breaking strength and thickness were increased as the level of additional calcium supplement increased, however the significant differences were found only in egg specific gravity It would be possible to reduce the daily feed intake and feed conversion and to improve the eggshell quality by feed the low calcium diet devoid of calcium supplement from the conventional laying hen diet and by supply the additional calcium source at 3 to 4 p.m. instead of the continuous feeding of conventional high calcium diet.

• Monthly Duck's Village
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• v.61 no.7
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• pp.98-99
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• 2008

지난 13일부터 시작된 화물연대 파업 협상이 19일 오후, 극적 타결되었다. 정부와 화물연대 그리고 컨테이너 운송업계가 1주일간의 릴레이 협상을 벌인 끝에 나온 결과로 물류대란 장기화는 피했지만 그 여파가 수습되려면 좀 더 시간이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 파업이 진행되는 동안 누구보다도 축산 농가의 어려움이 컸다고 하는데 그 원인과 앞으로 예상되는 피해는 어느정도인가?

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.427-438
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• 2015

The effects of different feeding times, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine, on production, blood profile, and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), was investigated using 240 Cherry Valley (Anas platyrhynchos) meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups, each of which was replicated three times with twenty ducks per replicate. The experimental period was 42 days for each group. Four groups were assigned into C (heat wave control group without betaine), T1 (ad libitum group fed a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), T2 (diet-restricted group fed twice daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), and T3 (night-restricted group, fed from 17:00-10:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine). At 42 days, body weight increased in order of T2, T1, T3 compared to the heat wave control group although. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1 and T3. The heat wave control group, provided an ad libitum diet without betaine (C), showed an elevated feed conversion ratio compared to the groups fed a diet containing betaine. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1, T2 and T3. RBC and platelet profiles except for PLT and MPV showed statistically significant differences between study groups fed a diet containing betaine. T2 presented significantly higher blood electrolytes $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ than the other groups. T2 also showed a blood gas level that was generally higher than the other groups. Total SCFA, acetic acid and propionic acid concentration has been the increasing trend in T2, but butyric acid, isobutyric acid and valeric acid concentration has been the decreasing trend in T2 compared to the other groups. It is concluded that the feeding-restricted group, fed two times daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine may improve growth performance in meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2004

We investigate the effect of enzyme pretreatment using protease, carbohydrase, and lipase on improvement of sludge treatment efficiency by measuring SCOD and TCOD. The enzyme-pretreatment increases SCOD of excess sludge. In addition, the amount of sludge reduction during digestion, in terms of SCOD and TCOD, are enhanced by enzyme-pretreatment. Among pretense, carbohydrase, and lipase, pretense showed the best enhancement of the sludge treatment efficiency. Sludge digestion followed by ozone and enzyme treatments showed more effective sludge treatment when compared with ozone treatment alone. Therefore, we expect that enzyme pretreatment can be used as a useful tool for enhancing the sludge treatment efficiency.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.707-718
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the adequacy of an alternative a.m. - p.m. testing scheme for milk yield in comparison with the official test method based on weighing two milkings within 24 h. A total of 8,309 p.m. milking weights and 6,767 am. milking weights from 72 Holstein cows raised at N.L.R.I. were collected between October 2000 and November 2001. Seven statistical models were fitted to the data to derive formulas for estimating daily milk yields from morning or evening yields. In general, use of evening milkings less accurately estimated than did use morning rnilkings. Although the models do not differ much in the correlations between estimated and true daily milk yields, systematic under- and overestimation of daily milk yields were observed in all models with the exception of model 7, which accounted for heterogeneous variances by parity class, milking interval class, and lactation stage by fitting separate regression formulas within each combination of three factors.