• KOREAN ASSOCIATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSES
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• v.8 no.2 s.28
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• pp.10-18
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• 2001

우리나라 대기오염의 수준은 지난 90년대 초반 이후 아황산가스와 총부유분진의 농도가 감소하고, 대신 오존과 이산화질소의 농도가 증가하면서 점차 다른 선진국에서 경험하는 대기오염현황을 보이고 있다. 한편 PM10과 PM2.5와 같은 미세분진의 경우 그 측정기간이 짧고 자료가 제한적이지만, 일부 지역에서 증가추세를 보이고 있으며, 그 수준을 비교하였을 때 현재 선진국에서 책정한 미세분진의 규제농도를 훨씬 상회하는 것으로 판단된다. 대기오염으로 인한 건강영향으로는 급성으로 고농도에 수 시간에서 수 일 동안 노출되는 경우 폐기능의 저하, 심박동의 변화, 그리고 신체내 염증물질의 증가 등 인체 기능의 변화가 보고되고 있으며, 기존에 폐장질환이나 심혈관질환을 앓고 있는 사람들의 경우 증세의 악화와 의료이용의 증가 등을 경험하거나 더 나아가 사망에 이르러 수명이 단축되는 것이 보고되고 있다. 급성노출의 경우 미세분진 PM10 10 $\mu$m/m3 당 전체 사망률이 0.5-1$\%$ 가량 증가하는 것으로 보고되며, 만성노출을 조사한 코호트 연구에 근거하는 경우 대기오염에 노출되는 전체 인구에 있어 PM2.5 1 $\mu$m/m3 당 1개월의 수명이 단축되는 것으로 추정되고 있다. 아직 대기오염으로 인한 건강영향의 기전이 전부 밝혀진 것은 아니지만, 일부 연구에서 대기오염물질 중에서 전이금속의 역할이 보고되고 있으며, 대기오염에 노출되면서 기관지, 폐포 및 혈액 등에서 염증매개물질의 분비 및 확산 그리고 심장을 비롯한 각 장기 기능의 변화가 보고되고 있다. 한편 이러한 변화들이 증세와 건강상의 비가역적 변화를 야기하는데 있어 대기오염 수준의 역치는 없는 것으로 판단되고 있다. 이러한 대기오염의 영향에 대한 개인수준의 해결책으로서는 자동차 사용의 절제 및 개인적인 쓰레기 소각의 자제 등 오염원 발생의 감소와 함께 대기오염 수준에 따른 증세 및 투약의 적절한 조절과 신체 활동의 조절을 통하여 오염원을 회피하는 것이 강조되어야 하며, 또한 흡연 특히 실내흡연의 금지와 실내 주방기구 및 난방기구의 관리 등이 구체적으로 제시될 수 있다. 마지막으로 대기오염물질들이 신체에 들어와 산화제로 작용하는 만큼, 식품을 통한 항산화제의 섭취가 일반적인 건강관리 수준에서라도 반드시 강조되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.377-386
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• 2016

The purposes of this research are to examine soil pollution in the nation and to explore the contaminated soil management of the public housing agency in public land for residential development. In so doing, the primary and secondary data were utilized, the former made use of the public data annually released by the Korea Ministry of Environment, and the latter relied on a self-administerd questionnaire survey conducted in the staff of the public housing agency, particularly those in charge of soil contamination in large-scale land, housing and urban development projects. The findings reveal that the national concentrations of 21 inorganic and organic soil contaminants (e.g., Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, F, P, PCB, CN, Phenol, BTEX, TPH, TCE, PCE, Benzo(a)pyrene, and pH) in the land were extracted to be well below the risk level designated by the statutory guidance while industrial areas had them at a relatively modest level. In addition, the survey results indicate that the public housing agency didn't establish specific and clear guidelines for soil pollution and its remediation in the residential land development, so that contaminated sites have been primarily remediated by outsourcing companies. As the unexpected occurrence of contaminated sites causes the incurring expenses added to total project budget, the provision of both professional training and on-site manuals with the sufficient information on techniques and methods of soil contamination is critical to promptly and systematically deal with soil pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2008

Behavior and decomposition velocity of pollutants on various forms from domestic sewage in sewage treatment plant were investigated in order to obtain the basic data for improving the removal efficiency of pollutants and to reduce the area in constructed wetland by natural purification method. The removal amounts of BODs and CODs in aerobic bed were significantly higher than those of the other beds. In aerobic bed, the removal amounts of IBOD and ICOD were more than those for SBOD and SCOD, respectively, whereas the removal amounts of BODs and CODs in anoxic and anaerobic beds were little different. The removal amounts of SSs in aerobic bed were also higher than those for the other beds, and the removal amounts of VSS in all beds were more than those for FSS. The removal amounts of DTN and DTP in all beds were more than those for STN and STP, respectively. In addition, the decomposition velocities of TBOD, TCOD and TSS in aerobic bed were 30.79, 17.15 and 29.96 $day^{-1}$. Moreover, the decomposition velocities of BODs, CODs and SSs in aerobic bed were very rapid than those in the other beds. On the other hand, the decomposition velocities of BODs, CODs and SSs in anoxic and anaerobic beds were a little different regardless of the forms of pollutant. The decomposition velocities constants of T-N in aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic beds were 4.78, 0.12 and 0.10 $day^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, the decomposition velocities constants of T-P in aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic beds were 13.09, 0.12 and 0.13 $day^{-1}$ respectively. The decomposition velocity of T-Ns and T-Ps in aerobic bed were slightly rapid than those in the other beds, whereas the decomposition velocities of T-Ns and T-Ps in anoxic and anaerobic beds were slightly different regardless of the forms of pollutant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2012

압전재료는 그 특성상 항공우주분야에서 활용범위가 넓어지고 있는데, 특히 진동제어 분야에 널리 이용되고 있다. 최근에는 위성카메라의 영상 품질개선을 위한 구동기(actuator) 연구도 진행 중이다. 그러나 위성체가 작동하는 우주환경인 고진공상태에서는 각 부품에서 발생할 수 있는 outgassing으로 인해 위성체가 오염되어 위성임무 실패를 초래할 수도 있다. 따라서 지상에서 위성체 부품에 대해 고온($60^{\circ}C$)과 고진공(5.0 E-03 Pa 이하)의 상태를 모사하여 오염물질을 제거함으로써 outgassing 발생을 막고, 오염근원을 검출할 수 있는 bacuum bake-out 시험이 필요수적이다. 압전체의 위성부품 활용성 연구를 위하여 bake-out 챔버를 이용하여 오염측정에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. Vacuum bake-out 시험시에는 TQCM을 사용하여 발생하는 오염물질의 방출률을 측정한다. 아울러, 압전체에 대한 시험 전후의 압전특성을 비교 분석하여 진공 및 온도 환경하에서의 특성 변화를 관찰하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.38-42
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• 1998

Soil venting이 오염토양중 가솔린의 용출거동에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 예측하기 위하여 가솔린의 휘발과 용해거동이 Raoult의 법칙에 의해 설명되어 질 수 있는지를 평가해보았다. 먼저 순수 가솔린의 용해거동과 휘발거동에 대해 검토해 보고 이후 토양중 가솔린의 거동에 적용하여 보았다. 가솔린성분들의 용해거동은 휘발에 의한 성분조성의 변화와 상관없이 Raoult의 법칙에 의해 비교적 정확하게 예측될 수 있었으며 오차범위는 naphthalene을 제외하고는 최고 $\pm$ 100% 이내였다. 오염토양의 형태로 가솔린이 존재하는 경우에도 Raoult의 법칙에 의해 정확히 예측될수 있었으나 토양중 농도가 초기 20,000 mg/kg에서 1,360 mg/kg로 감소한 경우에는 용출농도가 예측치의 50-70% 수준으로 낮은 경향을 보였다. 한편 soil venting시 휘발에 따른 조성변화를 Raoult의 법칙을 이용하여 산정하고 각 성분조성에 대한 개별물질들의 용출잠재성을 결정하는 모델을 이용하여 실험결과와 비교하여 보았다.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.452-462
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• 1999

환기란 실내에 기류분포를 형성함으로써 발생된 오염물질을 제거하고 재실자에게 신선외기를 공급하기 위한 것이다. 실내의 오염농도는 오염 발생원의 특성과 실내의 환기상태에 의하여 결정되며 환기상태는 실내의 기류분포에 의하여 결정된다. 건축물에서 수행되고 있는 각종 오염물질에 대한 농도측정 실험은 환기의 결과로서 나타나는 실내오염의 정도를 파악하기 위한 것으로 환기의 성능 자체를 측정하기 위한 것이 아니다. 또한 실내의 기류속도 측정실험을 통하여 환기상태를 간접적으로 파악할 수 있으나 정량적인 환기 상태를 측정하지는 못한다. 단순히 기류속도가 크고 작음에 따라서 환기상태의 좋고 나쁨을 표현할 수 없기 때문이다. 그림 1은 이와 같은 환기실험에 관련된 3단계의 실험 종류와 이들 간의 상호 상관관계를 보이고 있다.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.33-56
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• 2007

Use of chemicals has greatly increased along with development of human civilization. Concerns about potential effects of chemicals on human health and environment have also grown accordingly. Due to the enormous number of chemicals being used, however, it is neither practical nor feasible to regulate all the chemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to identify chemicals that deserve more immediate attention, based on the effects on receptors to be protected. This study was initiated by the need for developing management policies for Shihwa-Banwol Techno Valley and its vicinities of korea, where complaints and concerns on environmental contamination have been raised for long time. This study to identifies major chemicals that deserve most immediate attention in environmental health management in this area. For this purpose, the study employed CHEMS-1(Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies), and used chemical data from Toxics Release Inventory(TRI) and environmental contamination data from the environmental pollution monitoring network. Top priority pollutants identified in Shihwa-Banwol Techno Valley area were metals and volatile organic compounds, such as dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, diazinon, tetrachloroethylene, chromium compounds, tin compounds, chloroacetic acid, ethyl acetate, and zinc compounds, in an order of decreasing importance. An evaluation of physicochemical properties of the priority chemicals and the environmental pollution monitoring network database in Shihwa-Banwol Techno Valley suggested that the media that are of potential concern would be the atmosphere and aquatic environment.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.17-29
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• 2014

A remedial investigation was conducted at five military training ranges in northern Gyeonggi province to collect information necessary for the design of on-site treatment facilities for the abatement of explosive compounds release to the environment. These information includes (i) identification of dominant explosive compounds in each range, (ii) discharge/migration routes, and (iii) contaminant distribution in particle size fraction and settling velocity of the soils. The results of investigation showed that TNT and RDX are the major contaminants but the extent of contamination varied depending on the types of military training practices and topography of the site. RDX was also detected in the subsurface soil and in the nearby stream within the training ranges, suggesting release of contaminants to streams. The median concentrations of explosives in the surface soil were less than 20 mg/kg despite several 'hot spots' in which explosives concentrations often exceeds several hundred mg/kg. The average clay contents in the soil of target area was less than 5 % compared to 12 % in the control, indicating loss of smaller particles by surface runoff during rainfall due to lack of vegetative land cover. Analysis of explosive compounds and particle size distribution showed that the amount of explosive compounds in soil particles smaller than 0.075 mm was less than 10 % of the total. Settling column tests also revealed that the quantity of explosive compounds in the liquid phase of the effluent was greater than that in the solid phase. Therefore, pre-treatment of particulate matter in surface runoff of shooting range with a simple settling basin and subsequent effluent treatment with planted constructed wetlands as polishing stage for explosives in the aqueous phase would provide the shooting ranges with a self-standing, sustainable, green solution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.210-218
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• 2016

The pollutant removal efficiencies of stormwater runoff by settling were analyzed using field samples collected in 4 different raining events in a test bed installed in the Gwanpyung-Cheon stream in Daejeon. A 1.8 m high with 30 cm diameter cylindrical settling device was used for the settling test by measuring concentration of TSS, TP and TN for time and height. The pollutants removal rate was relatively high in the first 4 hours while 24 hours seem to be necessary to reach steady state in pollutant concentrations. However, there were no considerable differences in concentrations for height at a given time. This indicates most of particulate pollutant in the test seems to show independent settling with no interference to each other. Much part of particle sizes were distributed in the range of $10{\sim}100{\mu}m$. Average particulate fractions of TP and TN were estimated as 52.4% and 23.5%, respectively. This results explain why TN is difficult to remove by simple settling. This study indicates that a simple settling can provide effective method to remove significant amount of TSS and TP effectively and this can be used to protect urban river water quality.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.44-54
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• 2003

A kinetic model for evaluating effects of surfactant on the biodegradation of HOC(hazardous organic chemicals) in soil-slurry systems was developed. The model includes the partition of HOC and surfactant, the dissolved-, micellar-, and sorbed-phase biodegradation, the enhanced solubilization of HOC by surfactant addition, and the mass transfer of HOC. Phenanthrene as HOC and Trition X-100, Tergitol NP-10, Igepal CA-720, and Brij 30 were used in the model simulations. The biodegradation rate was increased even with a small micellera-phase bioavailability. The biodegradation was not greatly enhanced due to decreased aqueous HOC concentration by increasing surfactant dose in both cases with and without micellar-phase bioavailability. The effect of sorbed-phase biodegradation on total biodegradation rate was not highly important compared to aqueous- and micellar-phase biodegradation. The model can be applied for surfactant screening and optimal design of surfactant-based soil bioremediation process.