• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-168
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• 1995

problems involved in defining and identifying it. However, data on ownership of business establishments may be useful and one of the best alternatives for this empirical research because of use of limited information about control This study examines the spatial patterns of external control in the Korean manufacturing activities between 1986 and 1992. Using the data on ownership iinkages of multilocational firms between 15 administrative areas, it was possible to construct a matrix of organizational control in terms of the number of establishments. The control matrix was disaggregated by three types of manufacturing industries according to the capital and labor requirements of production processes used in. On the basis of the disaggregated control matrix, a series of measures were calculated for investigating the magnitude and direction of control as well as the external dependency. In the past decades Korean industrialization development has risen at a rapid pace, deepening integration into the world economy, together with the continuing growth of the large industrial firms. The expanded scale of large firms led to a spatial separation of production from control, Increasing branch plants in the nation. But recent important changes have occurred in the spatial organization of production by technological development, increasing international competition, and changing local labor markets. These changes have forced firms to reorganize their production structures, resulting in changes of the organizational structures in certain industries and regions. In this context the empirical analysis revealed the following principal trends. In general term, the geography of corporate control in Korea is marked by a twofold pattern of concentration and dispersion. The dominance of Seoul as a major command and control center has been evident over the period, though its overall share of allexternally controlled establishments has decreased from 88% to 79%. And the substantial amount of external control from Seoul has concentrated to the Kyongki and Southeast regions which are well-developed industrial areas. But Seoul's corporate ownership links tend to streteh across the country to the less-developed regions, most of which have shown a significant increase of external dependency during the period 1986-1992. At the same time, a geographic dispersion of corporate control is taking place as Kyongki province and Pusan are developing as new increasingly important command and control reaions. Though these two resions contain a number of branch plants controlled from other locations, they may be increasingly attractive as a headquarters location with increasing locally owned establishments. The geographical patterns of external control observable in each of three types of manufacturing industries were examined in order to distinguish the changing spatial structures of organizational control with respect to the characteristics of the production processes. Labor intensive manufacturing with unskilled iabor experienced the strongest external pressure from foreign competition and a lack of low cost labor. The high pressure expected not only to disinte-grate the production process but also led to location of production facilities in areas of cheap labor. The linkages of control between Seoul and the less-developed regions have slightly increased, while the external dependency of the industrialized regions might be reduced from the tendency of organizational disintegration. Capita1 intensive manufacturing operates under high entry and exit barriers due to capital intensity. The need to increase scale economies ied to an even stronger economic and spatial oncentration of control. The strong geographical oncentration of control might be influenced by orporate and organizational scale economies rather than by locational advantages. Other sectors experience with respect to branch plants of multilocational firms. The policy implications of the increase of external dependency in less-developed regions may be negative because of the very share of unskilled workers and lack of autonomy in decision making. The strong growth of the national economy and a scarcity of labor in core areas have been important factors in this regional decentralization of industries to less-developed regions. But the rather gloomy prospects of the economic growth in the near future could prevent the further industrialization of less-developed areas. A major rethinking of regional policy would have to take place towards a need for a regional policy actively favoring indigenous establishments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2016

In this study, we examined the changes of fruit number and fruit weight according to the length of bearing branch of Actinidia arguta and identified the correlation the length of bearing branch and fruit characteristics. The fruit weight and the fruit number of A. arguta bearing branch which length are below 15 cm and over 30 cm were 11.7 g, 4.3 and 12.3 g, 13.8, respectively. From the results, the bearing brach which length was below 15 cm must be removed in winter season pruning. The pruning experiment was conducted to examine the effects on fruit quality and yield of A. arguta. Total fruit yield of heavy-pruning was $14.3{\pm}1.5kg/tree$. The production of fruits over 15 g wight was $8.2{\pm}0.9kg/tree$, that of fruits between 10 g to 15 g was $4.0{\pm}0.7kg/tree$, and that of fruit below 10 g was $2.1{\pm}0.3kg/tree$, respectively. Average fruit yield of nonpruning was $26.7{\pm}2.1kg/tree$, fruit yield over 15 g, between 10 g and 15 g, and below 10 g were $2.5{\pm}0.5kg/tree$, $19.2{\pm}1.4kg/tree$, and $5.0{\pm}0.6kg/tree$, respectively. Distribution of high quality fruit (over 15 g) showed that non-pruning was almost 15~16 g but pruning was evenly distributed between 15 g and 20 g. According to the survey, The high quality fruit (over 15 g) would not be harvested if the winter pruning is not applied in the A. arguta cultivation.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.308-316
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• 2009

To achieve the accurate evaluation of given absorbed dose from output dose of linear accelerator photon beam through investigate the characteristics of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLD powder. This experimental TL phosphor is performed with a commercial LiF:Mg,Cu,P powder (Supplied by PTW) and TL reader (LTM, France). The TLD was exposed to 6 MV X rays of linear accelerator photon beam with range 15 to 800 cGy in blind dose at two hospitals. The dose evaluation of TLD was through the experimental algorithms which were dose dependency, dose rate dependency, fading and powder weight dependency. The glow curve has shown the three peaks which are 110, 183 and 232 degrees of heating temperature and the main dosimetric peak showed highest TL response at 232 high temperature. In this experiments, the LiF:Mg,Cu,P phosphor has shown the 2.5 eV of electron trap energy with a second order. This experiments guided the dose evaluation accuracy is within 1% +2.58% of discrepancy. The TLD powder of LiF:Mg,Cu,P was analyzed to dosimetric characterists of electron captured energy and order by glow shape, and dose-TL response curve guided the accuracy within 1.0+2.58% of output dose discrepancy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.136-145
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic slovents and noise on hearing loss. We selected organic solvents exposed group of 32 cases, noise exposed group of 31 cases, both noise and solvent exposed group of 31 cases, and control group of 53 cases and studied the relation between exposure level of noise and organic solvents and degree of hearing loss. The results were as follows. The subjects under investigation were exposed to noise and organic solvents under threshold limit values and the amount of urinary hippuric acid excretion were also under biological exposure indices. In case of noise, both noise and organic solvents exposed group and noise exposed group were more exposed than organic solvents exposed group(p<0.05). When urinary hippuric acid excretion were concerned, both noise iud organic solvents exposed group and organic solvents exposed group showed higher values than noise exposed group(p<0.05). In comparison of mean auditory threshold values by frequency, on the air conduction test, both noise and organic solvents exposed group showed significantly higher hearing loss than noise exposed group in 500Hz of right ear, 500 and 2000Hz of left ear(p<0.05). Forty-three cases among 147 subjects were regarded as hearing loss group and average age(42.6years) of hearing loss group was higher than normal groups average age of 38.0 years. Urinary hippuric acid excretions of hearing loss group were significantly higher than normal group(p<0.05). Thirty-eight percent(12cases) of noise exposed group, 40.6 $\%$(13cases) of organic solvents exposed group, 51.6 $\%$(16cases) of both noise and organic solvents exposed group, and 3.8 $\%$(2cases) of unexposed group were regarded as hearing losers. Exposed groups showed higher incidence of hearing loss than unexposed group but there were no significant differences among the exposed groups. The variables showing significant correlation with hearing loss were age and the amount of hippuric acid in urinary excretion. When age were adjusted for the purpose of seeing the effects of hearing losses due to organic solvent, urinary excretion of hippuric acids was the only variable with significant correlation with hearing loss (p<0.05). When odds ratio to hearing loss between control and exposed groups was considered, noise exposed group showed 6.1 times (95 $\%$ CI: 3.3-8.7), organic solvents exposed group showed 7.4 times (95 $\%$ CI: 3.5-14.6) and both noise and organic solvents exposed group showed 17.2 times(95% CI: 5.6-31.8) higher values than unexposed group(p<0.01). Above results suggest that health screening test of hearing loss is also needed in organic solvents exposed workers.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2009

Unilateral ureteronephrectomy was performed in a dog presented with unilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis. On laparotomy, severe adhesion of the dorsomedial border of the affected kidney to the abdominal aorta longitudinally and caudal pole of the kidney firmly to the ipsilateral ovary were observed. Since it was not possible to ligate the renal artery and vein separately due to severe adhesion tissue, two mass ligations were applied in the medial border of kidney, and the adhesion tissue was transected distal to each ligature. Then, blunt and sharp dissections were performed to isolate dorsomedial border of the kidney from the abdominal aorta, but they brought out unexpected hemorrhage caused by incision of renal artery and it has been suspected that two mass ligations could not include renal artery, which was adhered to dorsomedial border of the kidney. The hemorrhage was controlled by double ligations and electrocautery. In this case report, we recommend that if isolation of renal vessels is impossible due to strict adhesion of kidney to adjacent tissue, the mass ligation could be chosen to isolate and exteriorize the kidney and placed carefully not only at medial border of the kidney, where the renal vessels come into the kidney anatomically but also additional border of the kidney where adhesion tissues are formed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2010

This paper presents the occurrence and damage characteristics of the rice leaf-folder populations in the paddy fields of Dangsu-dong, Suwon from 2004 to 2007, and also reports the insecticide response of rice leaf-folder populations, which were collected from 2005 to 2006 in Korea and Vietnam. Laboratory measurements of the head capsule width and body length data enabled the identification of the rice leaf-folder larva stages collected in the field. The rice leaf-folder population in Suwon from 2004 to 2007 has a clear pattern consisting of two different group: the low and high density years. During the low density years (2004 and 2006), only one adult peak was noted in late August, with the damaged-hill percent less than 10% in late July, and the damaged-leaf percent around 2% in September. In contrast, during the high density years (2005 and 2007), two adult peaks were noted in early August and mid-September, with the damaged-hill percent was around 30% in late July, and the damaged-leaf percent 15 to 30% in September, which was beyond the economic injury level of rice leaf-folder. High correlations existed between the occurrence of rice leaf-folder in late July and early August and damages to rice during September. Based on these results, we suggest that the information on the rice leaf-folder population monitored by the adult density or damaged-hill percent in late July and early August would be very useful for predicting the damages later in the season for aiding in decision-making for timely control. In addition, the regional populations of rice leaf-folder showed the similar responses to the insecticides tested: high susceptibility to IGRs (tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide) and organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl, pyridaphenthion), but relatively low to cartap.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 1995

Metastatic bone tumor is the most common bone tumor and 32.5% of all primary malignant tumors are eventually metastasize to bone. Metastatic bone tumor has been more frequently encountered disease in the orthopedic fields due to the greater longevity of life of the patients with primary visceral cancers by major advances in early detection, diagnosis, and surgical/radiotherapeutic/chemotherapeutic treatment of primary and metastatic lesions. Therefore, the epidemiologic data about the incidences and the patterns of bone metastasis is important. We reviewed 417 patients who were diagnosed and treated for metastatic bone tumor at Kosin University Medical Center from 1985 to 1993 to analyse the primary lesion, age and sex distributions, location of bone metastasis, patterns of metastasis according to the primary. The results were as follows : 1. The common origin of bone metastasis were lung(29.5%), stomach(15.3%), breast(11.3%), unknown(7.7%), cervix(5.3%), liver(4.8%) in order of frequency. 2. There were 251 men and 166 women and their mean age was 54.8 years and the peak age incidence was in 6th decades. Most cases(85.3%) were occured beyond 5th decades. 3. The preferred sites of metastatic deposits were spine(64.0%), pelvis(40.5%), rib(38.8%), femur(36.7%), skull(21.1%), humerus(13.9%), scapula(13.0%) in order of frequency. In the spine, thoracic(42.1%), lumbar(39.1%), cervical(13.2%), sacral(5.6%) vertebrae were involved in order of frequency. 4. Multiple bone metastases were more common(73.1%) than single metastasis(26.9%). 5. In the lung cancer, the peak age incidence was 6th decades, and the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, pelvis, femur. 6. In the stomach cancer, the peak age incidence was 6th decades, and the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, femur, pelvis. 7. In the breast cancer, the peak age incidence was 5th decades, and the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, rib, pelvis. 8. In the bone metastasis with unknown primary site, the peak age incidence was 7th decades, the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, femur, pelvis, and the common histologic types were adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2009

The source position and source dwelling time in a given source arrangement in the applicators is very high effect to determine the expose time which in general is derived from the brachytherapy planning system. In high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary radiation therapy (ICRT), the treatment is often performed in based out-patient during the whole fractionation irradiations. However, the patient should be waited on coutch for ICR treatment in first start fraction as unconvinent and immobilized state until perform the dose plannings. In our experiments, the HDR source contributed dose for$55.89{\pm}4.20%$ for straight tandem source, $38.14{\pm}4.46%$ for the right ovoid soucre on the fornix and$5.97{\pm}0.50%$ for left ovoid source. It also showed the $60.33{\pm}6.53%$ for the tandem, $33.10{\pm}6.74%$ for right ovoid and $6.58{\pm}0.30%$ for the left ovoid source in 10 degrees of applicator. The authors designed the source template dose planning software for ICRT of uterine cervix results average $-0.55{\pm}2.15%$ discrepancy of the full charged brachytherapy dose planning. Developed Source temperate ICRT plaanning software guide a minimized the complains and operating times within a ${\pm}3%$ of dose discrepancies.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.35-53
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• 1974

A series of experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the level of dietary Protein (soybean meal) and carbohydrate (sucrose) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, nutrients digestibility and amylase activity of larvae at 5th instar. The results obtained from the experimentation are summarized as follow： (1) It was found that the body weight gain, cocoon quality and feed efficiency of the 5th instar larvae were significantly affected by the level of protein and carbohydrate in the artificial diet. Present data revealed that the proper level of dietary protein and carbohydrate would be the most important factor for the optimum growth of larvae. (2) In the amount of diet consumption, the group of larvae gained more body weight consumed more diet than the group gained less amount of body weight. (3) Digestibility of nutrients was improved as the level of protein in the diet increased, although the level of dietary carbohydrate did not exert any positive results. (4) It was observed that the amylase activity in digestive juice was stimulated by the increasement of dietary carbohydrate. However, no correlation between the level of dietary protein and carbohydrate was detected in the amylase activity. (5) Analytical data indicated that the amount of protein or carbohydrate excreted through feces and urine was proportional to the content of protein or carbohydrate in artificial diet. The group o( larvae consumed the diet contained high protein excreted more protein and less nitrogen free extract than did the group received low protein diet. Likewise, the group of larvae fed high dietary carbohydrate excreted more nitrogen free extract and less protein through excreta than the group consumed low carbohydrate diet group. (6) Although the amylase activity of the larvae received the artificial diet was higher than the larvae received natural diet (mulberry leaf), the rate of body weight gam and the quality of cocoon produced from the natural diet group was better than the artificial diet group. It is, thus, concluded that feeding the larvae by the artificial diet may net be recommendable. (7) It was determined that the best level of protein (soybean meal) and carbohydrate (sucrose) in artificial diet was found to be 40g and 0g, respectively when it was fed to the 5th instar larvae. (8) It may be concluded from the results obtained that the artificial diet that could stimulate the activity of amylase nay not be recommendable for the practical larvae feeding Purpose due simply to the Poor economic return from this diet than natural diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2002

The authors examined the response of electrocardiogram(ECG) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [Linnaeus] to light stimuli. The experiments were performed in such a way that three levels of light stimuli(10, 100 and 400 lu$\chi$) were given to fishes with an electrode inserted into their bodies and then their ECGs were recorded continuously for 60 minutes in 16~18$^{\circ}C$. The results which are divided into by day and by night and then analyzed by fishes' conditions are as follows; 1. Nile tilapias reached a stable condition 3 minutes after anesthesia. In stable condition, the heart rate average was 47.6beat/min by day and 45.1beat/min by night. And the action potential average was 1.0.4$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 1.24$mutextrm{V}$ by night. 2. The heart rate average by three levels of light stimuli was, \circled1 In stimulus condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 39.7beat/min by day and 38.2beat/min by night, in case of 100 lu $\chi$8.7beat/min by day and 36.9beat/min by night, and in case of 40.0. lux 36.8 beat/min by day and 35.8beat/min by night. \circled2 In recovery condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 47.1beat/min by day and 46.0beat/min by night, in case of 100 lu$\chi$ 47.2beat/min by day and 45.6 beat/min by night, and in case of 400 lu$\chi$ 48.1beat/min by day and 46.6beat/min by night. 3. The action potential average by three levels of light stimuli was, \circled1 In stimulus condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 1.22$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 0.71$mutextrm{V}$ by night, in case of 100 lu$\chi$ 0..63$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 0.90$mutextrm{V}$ by night, and in case of 400 lu$\chi$ 1.39$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 1.63$mutextrm{V}$ by night \circled2 In recovery condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 1.26$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 1.59$mutextrm{V}$ by night, in case of 100 lu$\chi$ 2.63$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 3.65$mutextrm{V}$ by night, and in case of 400. lu$\chi$ 2.52$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 3.67$mutextrm{V}$ by night.