• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2000

A lab-scale MF membrane reactor was installed to investigate the membrane permeability, characteristics of membrane fouling at each conditions, and quality of permeate (liquid livestock manure) in the separation of solid-matters using membrane. Experiment was divided three filtration type such as follows; continuous filtration, gravity filtration, and intermittent filtration. As a result of experiment, flux 1 LMH was maintained for 7days, and trans-membrane pressure(TMP) was increased gradually under 10cmHg, but it was increased immediately after 10cmHg, respectively. However, the flux was increased, the Tmax was decreased exponential more and more. During the pure-flux test, most of the fouling of membrane was reversible. At the gravity filtration, permeate could be obtained as 1.75 LMH for 3.5days without any other electronic pressure. As an investigation of membrane surface, this study could be decided that the reason of fouling at the lower flux (Run 1 and 2) was attached matters in membrane surface, but at the higher flux (Run 4-6) was concentration polarization.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.296-305
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• 2006

The heterogeneity of crop transpiration is important to clearly understand the microclimate mechanisms and to efficiently handle the water resource in greenhouses. A computational fluid dynamic program (Fluent CFD version 6.2) was developed to study the internal climate and crop transpiration distributions of greenhouses. Additionally, the global solar radiation model and a crop heat exchange model were programmed together. Those models programmed using $C^{++}$ software were connected to the CFD main module using the user define function (UDF) technology. For the developed CFD validity, a field experiment was conducted at a $17{\times}6 m^2$ plastic-covered mechanically ventilated single-span greenhouse located at Pusan in Korea. The CFD internal distributions of air temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity at 1m height were validated against the experimental results. The CFD computed results were in close agreement with the measured distributions of the air temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity along the greenhouse. The averaged errors of their CFD computed results were 2.2%,2.1%, and 7.7%, respectively.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

In this paper, the effects of annealing conditions on the structural ((002) intensity, FWHM, d-spacing, grain size, (002) peak position), optical (UV peak, UV peak position) and electrical properties (carrier concentrations, resistivity, mobility) of ZnO films were investigated. ZnO films were deposited onto SiO$_2$/si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering from a ZnO target. The substrate was not heated during deposition. ZnO films were annealed in temperature ranges of $500\sim650^{\circ}C$ in the O$_2$ flow for 5$\sim$20 min. The film average thicknesses were in the range of 291 nm. The surface morphologies and structures of the samples were characterize by SEM and XRD, respectively. The optical properties were evaluated by photoluminescence (PL) measurement at room temperature (RT) using a He-Cd 325 nm laser. As the annealing temperature and time vary, the following relations were also observed: (1) proportional relationships among UV intensity (002) intensity, and grain size exist, (2) UV intensity is inversely proportional to FWHM, (3) there is no special relationship between UV intensity and electron carrier concentrations, (4) d-spacing is inversely proportional to (002) peak position, (5) UV peak position in the range of 3.20$\sim$3.24 eV means that ZnO films have a n-type conductivity which was consistent with that obtained from the electrical property, (6) the optimal conditions for the best optical and structural characteristics were found to be oxygen fraction, (O$_2$/(O$_2$+Ar)) of 0.2, RF power of 240W, substrate temperature of RT, annealing condition of 600$^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, and sputtering pressure of 20 mTorr.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 1989

The effects of gamma irradiation on the survival and development of C. sinensis metacercariae were studied to evaluate the feasibility of irradiation as a control measure for clonorchiasis. Pseudorasbora parve were collected at an endemic river of clonorchiasis and were used for irradiation of the fluke in three schemes. The first (Scheme 1) was irradiation of the isolated metacercariae from the fish followed by infection to experimental rats. The second (Scheme 2) was irradiation of the fish, and then the metacercariae were isolated and in(ected to rats. The third (Scheme 3) was irradiation on the rat livers after infection with normal metacercariae. Irradiation doses varied from 5 to 100 Gy for Schemes 1 and 2, and 10 to 25 Gy for Scheme 3. The rats were sacrificed 2 to 6 weeks after infection. In Scheme 1, the metacercariae irradiated at 50 Gy failed to survive in the rats after 2 or 6 weeks. However, 1 to 44% of the metacercariae irradiated at 5∼30 Gy survived. The estimated LD50 of Scheme 1 was 16.5 Gy. The flukes irradiated in Scheme 2 survived better than those in Scheme 1. The average worm recovery rate in 50 Gy was 28%(7∼39% individually). Increasing the dose up to 100 Gy brought a remarkably low survival rate of an average 1%(0∼3% individually). The LD50 of Scheme 2 was 47.5 Gy. Worm recovery rates in the 10 Gy group of Scheme 3 were 21∼39%, and those in the 25 Gy group were 2% and 34%. Although the metacercariae were irradiated, all of the recovered worms were morphologically normal. Only the worms irradiated with 10 Gy or 25 Gy after 9 days from infection in Scheme 3 showed underdeveloped testes and seminal receptacle. The present results suggest that irradiation of the fish by 100 Gy could be adopted as a control measure for clonorchiasis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.263-272
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that might distinguish those who have a high level of Intention to purchase each of domestic, foreign designer and national brand jeans from those who have a low intention in terms of evaluative criteria belief, ideal jeans image and clothing altitude. The sample consisted of 198 male and 197 female students from five universities in Seoul. The questionnnaire consisted of 50 seven-point semantic differential scales dealing with evaluative criteria and ideal jeans image, beliefs about and intention to purchase domestic, foreign designer and foreign national brand jeans and 25 Likert type clothing attitude scales. Based on a series of t-tests the results showed that color and design were the most influencing factor among the evaluative criteria belief, regardless of brand type, while durability, accessory, sewing were the least. Sexy image, brand consciousnees and fashion interest were the important factor that distinguish high intention to purchase group fro)m low intention to purchase group.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.255-272
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• 1996

소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 ${\ll}$화제국방(和劑局方)${\gg}$에 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)에 정열해독약(淸熱解毒藥)인 와송(瓦松) 금은화(金銀花) 포공영(蒲公英)을 가미(加味)한 처방(處方)으로, 본방(本方)인 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)은 비위허약(脾胃虛弱), 음식부진(飮食不振), 다곤소력(多困少力) 중만비대(中滿痺臺), 심정기천(心柾氣喘), 구토(嘔吐), 설사(泄瀉), 상한해수(傷寒咳嗽)를 치료목적(治療目的)으로 쓰여 온 이래(以來) 임상에서는 대편부실(大便不實), 구설(久泄), 옹달궤후(癰疸潰後) 불사식자(不思食者)를 치료(治療)하는데 다용(多用)되어 왔다. 종양(腫瘍)(Neoplasia)은 새로운 성장(成長)(New+ Glowth) 이라는 세포학적(細胞學的)으로 비정상세포(非正常細胞)의 과다증식(過多增殖)으로 인해 실질장기(實質臟器), 유강장기(有腔腸器), 및 골격(骨格), 피부조직(皮膚組織)에 비정상조직(非正常組織)을 형성(形成)하는 질환(疾患)이다. 현대적(現代的) 종양(腫瘍)과 유사(類似)한 한의학적(韓醫學的)인 병증(病症)은 ${\ll}$소문(素問)${\gg}$에서는 "궐산(厥疝), 복량(伏梁), 식적(息積)"으로 ${\ll}$영추(靈樞)${\gg}$에서는 "장담(腸覃), 석가"로 표시(表示)된 이후(以後)로 소원방(巢元方)은 징가, 식일, 석옹(石癰), 완저(緩疽), 석저(石疽) 등으로 표현(表現)하였다. 원인(原因)에 대(對)해서는 ${\ll}$내경(內經)${\gg}$에서는 허(虛)와 한기(寒氣), 한(寒) 열(熱)로 보았고, 그 외(外)의 학자(學者)들은 내허(內虛)와 기혈불순(氣血不順), 화(火), 한(寒), 기울(氣鬱), 음양불화(陰陽不和)등으로 보았다. 치료(治療)는 ${\ll}$내경(內經) 자법론(刺法論)${\gg}$에서 "정기재내(正氣在內) 사불가우(邪不可于)" 이라 하여 생명활동(生命活動)의 원동력(原動力)인 정기(正氣)의 역할(役割)을 강조(强調)하였고, ${\ll}$육원정기대론(六元正氣大論)${\gg}$에서는 "대적대취(大積大聚) 불가범야(不可犯也) 쇠기태반이지(衰其太半而止)"라 하여 공벌약(攻伐藥)을 과용(過用)하여 정기(正氣)를 손상(損傷)시켜서는 안된다고 하는 등 부정위주(扶正爲主), 거사위주(祛邪爲主) 혹은 부정거사(扶正祛邪) 겸용(兼用)의 방법(方法)이 혼용(混用)되고 있다. 현대(現代) 서양의학(西洋醫學)의 항암제(抗癌劑)는 치료효과(治療效果)는 우수(優秀)하지만 악심(惡心), 구토(嘔吐)를 비롯하여 골수억제효과(骨髓抑制效果)와 간(肝), 심(心), 신(腎), 폐(肺)의 손상(損傷)을 초래(招來)하는 등(等)의 부작용(副作用)을 나타내며, 빈번(頻繁)한 화학요법제(化學療法劑)의 투여(投與)로 인(因)한 암세포(癌細胞)의 약제저항성(藥劑抵抗性) 출현(出現)등이 항암제(抗癌劑)의 문제점(問題點)으로 제시(提示)되고 있다. 이에 저자(著者)는 비위기능(脾胃機能)을 강화(强化)시켜 정기형성(正氣形成)에 깊이 관여(關與)하는 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)에 청열해독(淸熱解毒), 소종산결지제(消腫散結之劑)인 금은화(金銀花), 포공영(浦公英), 와송(瓦松)을 가미(加味)하여 암발생(癌發生) 백서(白鼠)에 투약(投藥)한 후(後) sarcoma 180암세포(癌細胞)에 대(對)한 생명연장효과(生命延長效果)와 항암제(劑)의 일종(一種)인 cis-platin을 이용(利用)하여 양방항암제(洋方抗癌劑)의 부작용(副作用)에 대(對)한 본(本) 방(方)의 효과(效果)를 실험(實驗)하여 관찰(觀察)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 sarcoma 180 암세포(癌細胞) 이식종양(移植腫瘍)에 대(對)해 생명연장효과(生命延長效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 2. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 치암제(治癌劑)인 cis-platin 치사독성(致死毒性)에 대(對)해 생존연장효과(生存延長效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 3. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(腎毒性) 생쥐 및 흰쥐에 있어서 유의성(有意性) 있는 체중감소억제효과(體重減少抑制效果) 및 serum BUN 상승억제효과(上昇抑制效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 4. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(賢毒性) 흰쥐에 대(對)해 유의성(有意性) 있는 serum creatinine 상승억제효과(上昇抑制效果)가 나타났으며, cis-platin의 혈액학적(血液學的) 부작용(副作用)인 RBC, WBC 감소(減少)에 대(對)해 감소억제효과(減少抑制效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 5. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(腎毒性) 흰쥐에 대(對)해 뇨량감소억제(尿量減少抑制) 효과(效果) 및 ureanitrogen과 creatinine 배수감소억제효과가 관찰(觀察)되었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로부터 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 악성종양치료(惡性腫瘍治療) 및 항암제(劑)의 부작용(副作用)을 경감(輕減)시키는 데 응용(應用)할 수 있을 것으로 사료(思料)된다.