• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.188-195
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• 2012

Using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT, the present study investigated the thermal stratification behavior of Lyckebo storage in Sweden, which is the very first large-scale rock cavern for underground thermal energy storage. Heat transfer analysis was carried out for numerical cases with different temperatures of the surrounding rock mass in order to examine the effect of rock mass heating due to periodic storage and production of thermal energy on thermal stratification and heat loss. The change of thermal stratification with respect to time was quantitatively examined based on an index of the degree of stratification. The results of numerical simulation showed that in the early operational stage where the surrounding rock mass was less heated, the stratification of stored thermal energy was rapidly degraded over time, but the degradation and heat loss tended to reduce as the surrounding rock mass was heated during a long period of operation.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.308-318
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• 2013

Thermal stratification in heat stores is essential to improve the efficiency of energy storage systems and deliver more useful energy on demand. It is generally well known that the degree of thermal stratification in heat stores varies depending on the aspect ratio (the height-to-width ratio) and size of the stores. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the aspect ratio and storage volume of rock caverns for storing hot water on thermal stratification in the caverns and heat loss to the surroundings. Heat transfer simulations using a computational fluid dynamics code, FLUENT were performed at different aspect ratios and storage volumes of rock caverns. The variation of thermal stratification with respect to time was examined using an index to quantify the degree of stratification, and the heat loss to the surroundings was evaluated. The results of the numerical simulations demonstrated that the thermal stratification in rock caverns was improved by increasing the aspect ratio, but this effect was not remarkable beyond an aspect ratio of 3-4. When the storage volume of rock caverns was large, a higher thermal stratification was maintained for a relatively longer time compared to caverns with a small storage volume, but the difference in thermal stratification between the two cases tended to decrease as the aspect ratio became larger. In addition, the numerical results showed that the heat loss to the surrounding rock tended to increase with an increase in aspect ratio because the surface area of rock caverns increased as the aspect ratio became larger. The total heat loss from multiple small caverns with a reduced storage volume per cavern was larger compared to a single cavern with the same total storage volume as that of the multiple caverns.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2013

A primary objective in creating a stratified thermal storage is to maintain the thermodynamic quality of energy, so thermally stratified energy can be extracted at temperatures required for target activities. The separation of the thermal energy in heat stores to layers with different temperatures, i.e., the thermal stratification is a key factor in achieving this objective. This paper introduces different methods that have been proposed to characterize the thermal stratification in heat stores. Specifically, this paper focuses on the methods that can be used to determine the ability of heat stores to promote and maintain stratification during the process of charging, storing and discharging. In addition, based on methods using thermal stratification indices, the degrees of stratification of stored energy in Lyckebo rock cavern in Sweden were compared and the applicability of the methods was investigated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1997.05b
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• pp.483-488
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• 1997

원자력발전소 가압기 밀립배관은 원자로냉각재계통 압력을 제어하는 기능을 가진 가압기와 원자로냉각재계통을 연결하는 ASME 1등급 기기로서 건전성 확보가 필수적이다 그러나 현재 운전중인 국내ㆍ외 원전의 가압기 밀림배관은 설계시 열성층화(Thermal Stratification) 현상발생 뿐만 아니라 동 현상이 배관 건전성에 미치는 영향이 전혀 고려되지 않아 본 연구에서는 국내 운전중인 원전 가압기 밀림배관에서 발생하는 열성층화 정도를 확인하고. ASME 코드에 입각한 평가방법론을 정립 설계조건과 운전조건에 대한 평가를 수행하므로써 건전성에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2004

Effect of a solid insert on thermal stratification in the natural convection enclosure is numerically investigated. The enclosure consists of two differently heated vertical walls and two adiabatic horizontal walls. A solid insert is located in the middle of the enclosure. The non-dimensional governing equations are solved by using the SIMPLER algorithm. The computations are carried out with the variations of thermal conductivity, width and height of the solid insert. The Prandtl number of the fluid in an enclosure is fixed at Pr=0.71, Two cases of Rayleigh number are considered in the present study, i.e., Ra:10$^3$ and 10$^{6}$ . The thermal stratification attenuates as thermal conductivity, width, and height of the solid insert are increased. As the thermal conductivity ratio of a solid insert to fluid increases beyond (equation omitted)10$^3$, the thermal stratification ratio shows an asymptotic value.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.735-740
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• 2001

In the nuclear power plant, emergency core coolant system(ECCS) is furnished at reactor coolant system(RCS) in order to cool down high temperature water in case of emergency. However, in this coolant system, it occurs thermal stratification phenomena in case that there is the mixing of cooling water and high temperature water due to valve leakage in ECCS. This thermal stratification phenomena raises excessive thermal stresses at pipe wall. Therefore, this phenomena causes the accident that reactor coolant flows in reactor containment in the nuclear power plant due to the deformation of pipe and thermal fatigue crack(TFC) at the pipe wall around the place that it exists. Hence, in order to fundamental identification of this phenomena, it requires the experimental research of modeling test in the pipe flow that occurs thermal stratification phenomena. So, this paper models RCS and ECCS pipe arrangement and analyzes the mechanism of thermal stratification phenomena by measuring of temperature in variance with leakage flow rate in ECCS modeled pipe and Reynold number in RCS modeled pipe. Besides, results of this experiment is compared with computational analysis which is done in advance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05b
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• pp.857-863
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• 1998

배관내에서 서로 다른 온도의 유체가 밀도차에 의해서 층이 분리된 채 존재하는 현상을 열성층 (thermal stratification) 현상이라 부르며, 이 현상에 의한 과도한 열응력은 배관의 건전성을 저해할 수 있다. 국내 원전의 경우 영광 3,4호기 이전의 밀림배관에서는 열성층 영향을 고려치 못하여 이에 대한 건전성 평가가 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고리 4호기 가압기 밀림배관을 대상으로 밀림배관내 유동해석 및 발전소 전 운전조건에 대하여 밀림배관 단면 온도분포 실측실험을 통하여 열성층화 현상의 발생 정도를 확인 하였으며 실측 온도 데이터를 이용하여 열응력해석 등을 수행함으로써 밀림배관의 열성층 영향을 평가한 결과 건전함이 확인되었다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2000.07d
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• pp.2501-2503
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• 2000

본 연구는 윈자력발전소 원자로 냉각재 계통의 가압기 밀림배관내에서 서로 다른 온도의 유체가 밀도차에 의해 분리된 채 존재하는 열성층의 온도를 감시할 수 있는 시스템을 개발한다. 개발된 온도 감시 시스템은 국내원자력발전소 중 가장 오래된 고리원자력발전소 1호기의 수명연장과 관련하여 가압기 밀림배관의 열성층 온도를 측정하므로써 열성층화에 따른 배관의 건정성 여부를 평가하는데 사용한다.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2004

태양열의 이용에 있어 직접접촉식 열교환기(DCHX)는 여러 가지 잇점을 제공한다. 그중에서도 제일 부각되는 것은 폐쇄형 열교환기의 대체에 다른 경비 절약과 작은 온도차에서도 열교환이 가능한 뛰어난 열성능일 것이다. 본 연구는 액-액 타입의 직접접촉식 열교환기에 대한 열성능 실측을 통하여 직접 접촉 열교환에 대한 이해를 증진하고 아울러 태양열에의 적용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 실측 시스템은 집열기와 펌프 그리고 직접접촉식 열교환기로 구성되어 있는데 작동유체의 종류에 따라 서로 다른 두 가지 방법에 의해 열교환기 내로 유입되도록 하였다. 작동유체로는 Texatherm 46과 물이 사용되었는데 이는 이들 유체가 서로 전이지 않고 높은 온도$(<150^{\circ})$에서도 화학적으로도 안전하며 열적으로도 비교적 양호한 성능을 가지고 있기 때문이다 본 연구는 실측을 통해 열교환기 내에서의 미미한 열성층화 현상에 대한 메카니즘을 확인하였으며 아울러 열교환기의 작동유체에 따라 작동의 안정성과 열적 성능(11% 차이)이 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.