• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.18 s.18
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• pp.75-88
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• 2006

This study tries to find out the properties of soft ind hard white wares of white wares from Dudong-ri in a scientific way, especially by meant of physical chemical analysis, microstructural observation. As a result, In the physical analysis, soft white wares are found to have higher absorption and porosity. In the composition analysis, the chemical property, of body and glaze, shows that the composition of them varies with excavation areas. However, no clear difference is identified between the soft and hard white wares which are from the ssme kiln. The microstructural observation visibly shows the difference of hard and soft white wares which it verified in the physical property Minerals with round pores and vitrified feldspar are observed in the body of hard white wares, but no vitrified particles but widely distributed pores with long and sharp irregular shapes are found in the body of soft white wares. In conclusion, the hard and soft white wares from Dudong-ri kiln are mainly influenced by physical property and microstructural rather than chemical composition and firing atmospheres. However, more and various comparative studies are needed since the resources with various physical properties vary among kilns of each production area.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.21
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• pp.89-100
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• 2007

This study analyze concentration of minor and trace elements on 47 white porcelains excavated from Dudong-ri, Baekryeon-ri, Sachon-ri kilns in Gyeonsangnam-do by NAA(neutron activation analysis) and try to classify the provenance and characteristics according to the analytical result. Each kilns are divided into the group by PCA(principal component analysis) and LDA(linear discrimination analysis) using 17 elements; Ba Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Hf, La Lu, Rb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Th, V, Yb. The contribution elements are Dy, Sm, La, Ce, Lu, Sc. And soft and hard white porcelains are similar with the chemical composition of the use materials therefore the difference of the chemical composition not confirmed a cause. The analytical results of the fine(I) and poor(II) quality white porcelains presume the difference of the povenance of clay materials or the poduction process such as difference purify and additive materials.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.251-265
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• 1998

Punch'ong and whiteware sherds excavated from four kilns located in Ch'unghyodong, Kwangju, Chollanamdo were analyzed for their body and glaze composition. They are classified into eight different groups by the site and layer from which they were collected. In principal component analysis of major composition, the punch'ong body separates out into several different groups. CHE2, made in early fifteenth century, has a higher aluminum and lower iron content compared to the later groups of lower grade. Whiteware body has a very high aluminum content of around 30 wt. in both soft type and hard type. Punch'ong glaze was determined to be lime type and whiteware alkali-lime type.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.273-291
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• 2016

Some ceramic artifacts representing time-wise from comb pattern pottery in the Neolithic Age to white porcelain in Joseon Dynasty were selected from 7 sites in the north and south area of Charyeong Mountain Range in order to making techniques interpretation and development process of ancient ceramics through physicochemical and mineralogical quantitative analysis. Studied pottery samples in the Prehistoric times showed trace of ring piling in soft-type, and pottery in the Three Kingdoms Period had both soft and hard-type but kettle-ware and storage-ware were made with ring piling, but table-ware was made by wheel spinning. Different from pottery after the Three Kingdom Period when refinement of source clay was high, pottery in the Neolithic Age and in the Bronze Age exhibited highly mineral content in sandy source clay, which showed a lot of larger temper than source clay. Groundmass of celadon and white porcelain almost did not reveal primary minerals but had high content of minerals by high temperature firing. Ceramic samples showed some different in major and minor elements according to sites irrespective of times. Geochemical behaviors are very similar indicating similar basic characteristics of source clay. However, loss-on-ignition showed 0.01 to 12.59wt.% range with a large deviation but it rapidly decreased moving from the Prehistoric times to the Three Kingdom Period. They have correlation with the weight loss due to firings, according to burning degree of source clay and detection of high temperature minerals, estimated firing temperatures are classified into 5 groups. Pottery in the Neolithic Age and in the Bronze Age belongs from 750 to $850^{\circ}C$ group; pottery in the Three Kingdom Period are variously found in 750 to $1,100^{\circ}C$ range of firing temperature; and it is believed celadon and white porcelain were baked in high temperature of 1,150 to $1,250^{\circ}C$. It seems difference between refinement of source clay and firing temperature based on production times resulted from change in raw material supply and firing method pursuant to development of production skill. However, there was difference in production methods even at the same period and it is thought that they were utilized according to use purpose and needs instead of evolved development simply to one direction.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.451-464
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• 2009

To do conservation for ceramics, sometimes it needs to clean the ceramics chemically to remove stains on the ceramics, which should be performed with caution. This study will provide quantitative data about the extraction characteristics of major elements from ceramics through the soaking test to evaluate the stability of ceramic cleaning agents. As soft textured pottery(fired at $700^{\circ}C$) had high absorption, it showed higher extraction characteristics in short soaking time. Especially the strong acid among chemical cleaning agents caused the expoliation and the color change on the surface of soft textured pottery. But these color change had no effect on the physical characteristics of soft textured pottery. The hard textured pottery(fired at $1,000^{\circ}C$) is relatively stable in the cleaning agent because it is ascertained the extraction of that was not enough and also it had little chromatic and physical change by strong acid. Porcelains(Celadon, Whiteware and Puncheong ware) was safer than the soft textured pottery due to their low extraction. But it should take precautions to clean the porcelains with lots of cracklewares such like Puncheong ware chemically in connection with the extraction characteristics and their cracklewares.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.171-181
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• 2012

The demand characteristics of the conventional 12 kinds of epoxy resins which have been used for restoration of the ceramic relics were investigated to provide standards of the effective materials in this study. The result of durability analysis showed that a liquid type is more effective in ceramic relics (low damage, high strength), and a paste type is more effective in earthenware relics (high damage, low strength). The result of workability analysis appears that the liquid type is higher than the paste type, and a slow curing type is higher than a fast curing type in surface hardness. Therefore, in the case of the liquid type which is hard to reprocess due to high surface hardness, it is necessary to conduct a study on improving physical properties by adding filler. The result of the gloss analysis on epoxy resins showed that the liquid type (colorless) has higher gloss than the paste type, and the slow curing type has higher gloss than the fast curing type in liquid types. CDK-520A/520B and Araldite SV 427-2/HV 427-1 showed the most similar gloss to $700^{\circ}C$ earthenware, Devcon 5 minute, EPO-TEK 301-2, and Quik Wood showed the most similar gloss to celadon and whiteware, Quik Wood, EPO-TEK 301-2, and Devcon 5 minute showed the most similar gloss to buncheongware. It is necessary for conservator to decide the range of the restoration surface by predicting the increase and decrease of the restoration surface because most of the epoxy resins caused the volume change in curing process.