• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.3 s.260
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• pp.177-183
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• 2006

Background: The bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (BCPS) is one of the primary palliative procedures for complex congenital heart disease. It has many advantages, but it is known to have high risks in young infants. Material and Method: From 1995 to 2003, 48 infants under the age of one year underwent BCPS. All the patients were Fontan candidates due to functional univentricular heart physiology. There were no significant differences in preoperative variables, except in mean age (67.58$\pm$3.78 vs. 212.91$\pm$13.44 days), and mean body weight (4.51$\pm$0.29 vs. 6.62$\pm$0.27 kg), between group A (<3 months, n=12) and group B ($\ge$3 months, n=36). Result: In group A, the arterial oxygen saturations serially measured were significantly lower. Hospital mortality was $25\%$, and $19\%$, respectively. During follow up, there were 2 late mortalities in group A, and 5 in group B. Conclusion: This study showed that operative risk in young infants was comparable to that of older patients, and BCPS could be a good option as a primary palliative procedure, and may eliminate other repeated palliative procedures which could be the risk factors for Fontan candidates. However, in high-risk patients accompanying pulmonary hypertension, or heterotaxia syndrome, other palliative procedures should be considered.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 1998

Arrhythmias are common after cardiac surgery and are multifactorial. Intravenous magnesium administration reduces the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias in patient with symptomatic heart failure or acute myocardial infarction. This study was designed to evaluate the role of magnesium in preventing PVCs(premature ventricular contractions) occurred frequently after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG). 50 consecutive patients were prospectively entered into a randomized trial to determine the efficacy of postoperative magnesium therapy on the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias after elective coronary artery bypass graft. The patients underwent coronary angiography, echocardiography, electrocardiography and clinical laboratory study preoperatively. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was done and magnesium level was checked 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours postoperatively. Study group of 25 patients were given 4g of magnesium continuously over the first 24 hours and then 2g/24hours from 25 to 72 hours. The clinical characteristics of both groups were similar(p<0.05). The preoperative mean serum magnesium concentration was similar in both study group, 1.59mg/dl and control group, 1.71mg/dl. The mean postoperative serum magnesium concentration in study group elevated significantly over postoperative 12hours through 36hours(p<0.05). The postoperative mean serum magnesium concentration in control group declined and remained significantly depressed over immediate postoperation through 72hours. The mean serum magnesium concentration was significantly greater in the study group compared with the control group over postoperative 3hours through 72hours(p<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the incidence of arrhythmias such as PVCs(p<0.01) which might jeopardize hemodynamics. There were no recognized adverse effects of magnesium Administration. In conclusion, prophylactic magnesium administration seems to lessen the incidence and severity of rrhythmias after coponary artery bypass graft.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.318-330
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• 2009

A high heat flux test facility using a graphite heating panel was constructed and is presently in operation at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, which is called KoHLT-1. Its major purpose is to carry out a thermal cycle test to verify the integrity of a HIP (hot isostatic pressing) bonded Be mockups which were fabricated for developing HIP joining technology to bond different metals, i.e., Be-to-CuCrZr and CuCrZr-to-SS316L, for the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) first wall. The KoHLT-1 consists of a graphite heating panel, a box-type test chamber with water-cooling jackets, an electrical DC power supply, a water-cooling system, an evacuation system, an He gas system, and some diagnostics, which are equipped in an authorized laboratory with a special ventilation system for the Be treatment. The graphite heater is placed between two mockups, and the gap distance between the heater and the mockup is adjusted to $2{\sim}3\;mm$. We designed and fabricated several graphite heating panels to have various heating areas depending on the tested mockups, and to have the electrical resistances of $0.2{\sim}0.5$ ohms during high temperature operation. The heater is connected to an electrical DC power supply of 100 V/400 A. The heat flux is easily controlled by the pre-programmed control system which consists of a personal computer and a multi function module. The heat fluxes on the two mockups are deduced from the flow rate and the coolant inlet/out temperatures by a calorimetric method. We have carried out the thermal cycle tests of various Be mockups, and the reliability of the KoHLT-1 for long time operation at a high heat flux was verified, and its broad applicability is promising.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.319-330
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• 2007

This study analyzed physical and chemical characteristics of peat soil to use peat soil as the materials fur pot media and investigated seedling quality of horticultural plants in order to use peat soil as the raw materials fur pot media. The summary of the results is as follows; The chemical characteristics of peat soil, which is main ingredient of pot media are as follows; pH was 4.9, EC was less than $2.0ds{\cdot}m^{-1}$, which interferes the growth of the plant and organic ingredient was 33%. When looking into the germination characteristics of plants according to the mixture of pot media, red pepper showed 54.2% speed of germination and 97% germination rate in peat soil single treatment. Therefore the peatsoil was appropriate for the pot media for red pepper. In case of cucumbers, in the 50 : 50 treatment of main ingredient (peat soil) and auxiliary ingredients (vermiculite, peat moss and perlite) they showed 100% speed of germination and 100% germination rate. Therefore 50 : 50 treatment was appropriate fur the pot media for cucumbers. In case of chinese cabbage, peat soil, perlite and peat moss mixture (50 : 25 : 25) treatment showed the highest speed of germination (77.5%), while the germination rate was a little lower (92.15%) than comparative soil. However, it was appropriate for the pot media for chinese cabbage. In case of watermelon, germination was bad because of the influence of EC when the teat soil ingredient is over 80%. However, in the mixture of peat soil and vermiculite (50:50) treatment, they showed 91.6% speed of germination and 100% germination rate. Therefore it was appropriate for the pot media for watermelon. When looking into the growth of the plants according to the mixture of ingredients, peat soil and perlite (50:50) mixture showed excellent seedling quality for cucumbers, peat soil and perlite (50:50) mixture showed excellent seedling quality and it was proven to be appropriate for the pot media for cucumbers. In case of watermelon, peat soil, peat moss and perlite (80 : 10 : 10) mixture showed excellent seedling quality and it was proven to be appropriate for the pot media for watermelon.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.163-177
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• 2013

An instrumented ferry made two transects per day across two current systems which are the North Korean Cold Current and the East Korean Warm Current over the years 2012-2013 from Gangneung to Ulleungdo in the southwestern East Sea. Seawater properties of these transects were measured with high spatial and temporal resolution for an extended period of time. Here the salinity records from the transects with the oceanographic observation data from East Sea Fisheries Institute of NFRDI, AVISO daily current chart and GOCI Chlorophyll-a image in 2012 and 2013 are used to study the time-series variation of salinity at the surface. The high salinity section with the range of 33.15~34.12 occurred on the transect mainly in the middle of eddy, and western boundary of strong northward current from June to October. We can found low salinity waters in both sides of the high salinity section. It is estimated that the western low salinity waters with the range of 30.58~33.20 accompanied by southward current were derived from the NKCC and the eastern waters with the range of 31.30~33.24 accompanied by northward current were derived from the Tsushima Surface Water. The lowest salinity of NKCC is confirmed in this study as 30.36. It is found that the western waters below 33.00 extended extremely toward the east about 110 km area from Gangneung and toward the south around Jukbyon coastal area as a 5~10 m layer. We can find its volume of low saline waters transport is not neglectable compared with that of Tsushima Current region in the western part of the East Sea. In this study we named it as the North Korean Low Saline Surface Water in summer.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2018

The pharmacokinetic properties of cefadroxil (CDX) were studied after oral administration for 7 days to cultured olive flounders (average 660 g), Paralichthys olivaceus. For examination of pharmaco-kinetic profiles, CDX of 45 to 225 mg/kg body weight was administered at two different water temperatures, $13{\pm}3^{\circ}C$ or $22{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. CDX concentrations were determined in muscle, plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver by HPLC-MS/MS. Muscle samples were taken at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post dose, whereas plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver concentrations were measured at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post-dosing. The kinetic profiles of $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$, $T_{1/2}$ of CDX were analyzed by fitting to a non-compartmental model with PKSolver program. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained with oral administration of 45 and 225 mg/kg at 13 and $22^{\circ}C$ in muscle, plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver, respectively: $C_{max}$ (maximum tissue concentration)=$985.98-5,032.86{\mu}g/kg$, $5,670.99-38,922.23{\mu}g/l$, $2,457.27-10,192.78{\mu}g/kg$, $886.04-3,070.87{\mu}g/kg$ and $1,188.15-3,814.33{\mu}g/kg$; $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)= every 1 day; $MRT_{0-{\infty}}$ (mean residence time)= 1.51-4.74, 2.12-3.06, 4.25-13.18, 1.37-18.66 and 1.78-29.76 days; $T_{1/2}$ (half-life)= 1.08-3.47, 1.14-5.42, 3.56-10.99, 1.17-14.93 and 1.25-28.55 days.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.601-606
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• 1999

Physiological responses of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on lowering seawater temperature sharply and continuously were studied with 4 experiments of temperature changes (Exp.I$\~$IV). In Exp.1, the temperature was decreased from $18^{\circ}C$ to $9^{\circ}C$ by the rate of $1^{\circ}C$/hr, thereafter back to the initial temperature after 5 dars. With the same conditions of temperature rate and 5 days interval, the temperature changes for Exp.II, III and IV were $20^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C,\;23^{\circ}C$ to $14^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C$, respectively, Serum cortisol and glucose were measured during whole experiments. Hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured in the Exp.I, and osmolality, electrolytes ($Na^+,\;Cl^-,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+}$), total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of serum, in Exp.II$\~$IV. Serum cortisol levels were significantly increased by the lowering temperature sharply during whole experiments, while serum glucose levels were increased only in Exp,III and IV. Ht, RBC and Hb were decreased as the water temperature was lowered, but MCHC was increased. The serum osmolality was reduced and the unstable changes of electrolytes were shown by the changes of seawater temperature. No significant changes in total protein, ALT and AST activity were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.323-335
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• 1983

The inhibitory effects of the extract and crude saponin of red and white ginsengs on lipoperoxide formation in vitro and in vivo were studied and correlated with anti-aging. To this end, antioxidant activity, induction period and lipoperoxide were measured by the methods of EDA, POV and TBA value. And also superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity were measured by pyrogallol autoxidation method (${\Delta}A$ 420/min) and initial velocity(${\Delta}A$ 436/min), respectively. From HPLC analysis, the PT/PD ratio of red and white ginsengs was found to be 0.561% and 0.401%, respectively, and red ginseng increased the PT/PD ratio in comparison with white ginseng. The EDA activity of red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng; red ginseng showed stronger antioxidative effect than white ginseng. The inhibitory effect of red ginseng was lower than that of white ginseng during the induction period. It was proved that high molecular coloring substance was deeply related to the initial stage of lipoperoxidation. There was no significant difference between red and white ginsengs in both in vitro and intraperitoneal administration experiments, and red ginseng was more effective than white ginseng in longterm administration. And also inhibitory effect on lipoperoxide formation was mainly occurred in liver, suggesting that the function of liver played an important role in anti-aging actions. From the measurement of superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity for both ginseng groups intraperitoneally and orally administered, it was found that red ginseng group administered extract and crude saponin showed remarkable inhibitory effects in comparison with white ginseng. In particular, orally administered group showed more stronger inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in comparison with intraperitoneally administered group. It was also found that the continuous oral administration was more effective than temporary administration. Red ginseng was more notable anti-aging effect in comparison with white ginseng in vivo, and this may be due to the increase of SOD activity in rat-liver. Peroxidase activity also showed similar trend to SOD activity in vitro and in vivo experiments. Red ginseng was not only superior to white ginseng for preservation but also for biochemical and pharmaceutical efficacy.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2019

Objectives: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders. Recent studies suggest that cognitive and physical arousal play an important role in the generation of primary insomnia. Studies have also shown that information processing disorders due to cortical hyperactivity might interfere with normal sleep onset and sleep continuity. Therefore, focusing on central nervous system arousal and normalizing the information process have become current topics of interest. It has been well known that neurofeedback can reduce the brain hyperarousal by modulating patients' brain waves during a sequence of behavior therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of neurofeedback therapy on electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in patients with primary insomnia. Methods: Thirteen subjects who met the criteria for an insomnia diagnosis and 14 control subjects who were matched on sex and age were included. Neurofeedback and sham treatments were performed in a random order for 30 minutes, respectively. EEG spectral power analyses were performed to quantify effects of the neurofeedback therapy on brain wave forms. Results: In patients with primary insomnia, relative spectral theta and sigma power during a therapeutic neurofeedback session were significantly lower than during a sham session ($13.9{\pm}2.6$ vs. $12.2{\pm}3.8$ and $3.6{\pm}0.9$ vs. $3.2{\pm}1.0$ in %, respectively; p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in other EEG spectral bands. Conclusion: For the first time in Korea, EEG spectral power in the theta band was found to increase when a neurofeedback session was applied to patients with insomnia. This outcome might provide some insight into new interventions for improving sleep onset. However, the treatment response of insomniacs was not precisely evaluated due to limitations of the current pilot study, which requires follow-up studies with larger samples in the future.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.169-188
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• 2019

This study was carried out unmanned aerial photography and terrestrial laser scanning to establish digital database on original wall of Gyejoksanseong fortress, and measured ground control points for continuity of the monitoring. It also performed precise examination with the naked eye, unmanned aerial photogrammetry, endoscopy, total station and handy measurement to examine the structural stability of the original walls. The ground control points were considered as a point where visual field can be secured, 3 points were selected around each of the south and north walls. For the right side of the south original wall, aerial photogrammetry was conducted using drones and a deviation analysis of 3-dimensional digital models was performed for short-term monitoring. As a result, the two original walls were almost matched in range within 5mm, and no difference indicating displacement of stones was found, except for partial deviation. Regular monitoring of the areas with structural deformation such as bulging, weak and fracture zone by precisely examining with the naked eye and using high-resolution photo data revealed no distinct change. The inner foundation observed through endoscopy found out that filling stones of the original walls were still remained, while most filling soil was lost. As a result of measuring the total station focusing around the points with structural deformation on the original walls, the maximum displacements of the north and south walls were somewhat high with 6.6mm and 3.8mm, respectively, while the final displacements were relatively stable at below 2.9mm and 1.4mm, respectively. Handy measurement also did not reveal clear structural deformation with displacements below 0.82mm at all points. Even though the results of displacement monitoring on the original walls are stable, it is hard to secure structural stability due to the characteristics of ramparts where sudden brittle fracture occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct conservational scientific diagnosis, precise monitoring, and structural analysis based on the 3-dimensional figuration information obtained in this research.