• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1990

In this study the stem analysis program, which can be operated with personal computer was developed to reduce time and cost of calculation, and to increase accuracy of analysis. The stem analysis method used in this program was compared with other methods. The results obtained were as follows : The value, 1/100mm measured from the latest annual ring measurement machine (Jahrringme${\beta}$geraete Johan Type II) was automatically inputed to the computer and saved into given file name. Turbo Pascal program was written to do this. The measured data was analyzed by stem analysis calculation program written by Fortran-77. Volume and height increments were approximated by spline function, and diameter of the stem disk was calculated by quadratic mean method. The increment values calculated by the programs were printed annually and in every five-year. Stem analysis diagram and several increment graphs were also easily printed. The result compared between those analysis methods showed that quadratic mean could reduce the error caused from eccentric pith. When the stem taper curve method, approximated by spline function, was used in the calculation of tree height and volume, increments would be more exactly calculated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2001

This study was performed to develope stem analysis program(Stemwin1.0) which can be used in PC with MS-Windows operating system. Stemwin1.0 uses width of annual tree ring measured with 1/100mm unit, and calculate increments of several growth factors such as DBH, height and volume with various methods. Mean DBH can be calculated by arithmetic and quadratic mean methods. Height can be estimated by parallel line, line extending and height curve methods. Volume can be estimated by Huber, Smalian, and Spline functions. Not only Total growth, Mean Annual Increment(MAI) and Current Annual Increment(CAI) of growth factors, but also merchantable volume and height, form factor, growth rate, and merchantable volume rate are automatically calculated. Stemwin1.0 can also output accurate stem taper curve with various scale, and prepare stem taper data(diameter at different disk heights) for statistical analysis for deriving stem taper model. Stemwin1.0 can export output data and graph to Excel for more compatible use of it.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.260-270
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• 1996

Structure and dynamics of Pinus densiflora community in Mt. Kaya were studied to provide the information needed for management of Pinus densiflora forest in the southern inland of Korea. Stratification structure of Pinus densiflora community in the lower and middle slope consisted of tree layer(10~15m), subtree layer(4~10m), shrub layer(1~4m), and herb layer(below 1m), while in the rock zone of ridge and top area consisted of tree layer(7~10m), subtree layer(2~7m), shrub layer(1~2m), and herb layer(below 1m). According to the diameter distribution of tree species in Pinus densiflora community, secondary Pinus densiflora forest will gradually decline. Its forest may be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, C. cordata, and Fraxinus rhychophylla in the lower slope, and by Quercus mongolica in the middle slope. Pinus densiflora forest has its seedlings and saplings in ridge and top area, so it may be sustained. By taking cores from Pinus densiflora trees in research area, it could be obtained that in the lower and middle slope, age of Pinus densiflora forest was about 80~90 years old. When the age of its trees was about 72~80 years old, withering trees of standing dead occurred. Disturbance regime of Pinus densiflora community in Mt. Kaya consisted of standing dead, uprooting and limbfall, these were 70.6%, 17.6% and 11.8% respectively. It takes about 100~110 years for advance growth of Pinus densiflora in ridge and top area to reach tree layer. During the period, it has twice chances of disturbance in standing dead. Annual diameter growth of Pinus densiflora was 2.45~2.9mm in the lower and middle slope, while it was 1.75mm in ridge and top region, by measuring cores.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 2012

This study analyzed on the characteristics of community structure, species composition, population conditions and annual mean radial growth of Taxus cuspidata in the subalpine zone of the Seoraksan, Deokyusan, and Hallasan National Parks. Deokyusan and Hallasan sites had three layers of stratification structure without tree layer in it and four layer in Seoraksan site. The major dominant species in the order of importance value were as follows: T. cuspidata, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Quercus mongolica, Abies koreana and Sorbus commixta. The trees (> 5 cm DBH) of T. cuspidata were extremely high with 986.0 individuals/ha at the Hallasan site. Average DBH class were 42.0 cm at the Hallasan site and mainly showed large class. The populations of seedlings and saplings with 357.3 individuals/ha, and juvenile with 128.6 individuals/ha, as a succession tree, were found to be the highest at the Hallasan site. In the size frequency distribution, the populations of T. cuspidata in Mt. Halla site showed a reverse J-shaped curve and it was estimated that T. cuspidata community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable state like present state. Annual mean radial growth of T. cuspidata populations at Seoraksan, Deokyusan, and Hallasan sites showed up as 1.27 mm/year, 0.93 mm/year and 0.89 mm/year respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2019

The study was done to analyze the records of planting time of Gwangneung needle firs referring to the historical literatures, the Annals of Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄), Seungjeongwonilgi(承政院日記: Journal of the Royal Secretariat). Bibyeonsadeungnok(備邊司謄錄: Records of the Bibyeonsa Defense Council, a government agency during the Joseon Dynasty), Ilseongnok(日省錄: Journal on Dynasty affairs of the kings in the 36th year of Youngjo to 1910) to lay the historical ground for needle firs in Gwangneung. The following results were derived from previous research, Report on Gwangneung Forest Ecosystem, and overlaid fir tree rings. The research findings are as follow. First, since the system of making the grave is the most conservative system, the planting during the Gwangneung construction would have been preceded by precedent. Second, the problem of cutting the tree in the late Joseon Dynasty became serious. It is published the Law of Muo In the 22nd year of Jeongjo, and then planted trees regularly in spring and autumn. Third, the Law of Muo was preserved for 31 years during the reign of King Gojong, and the type of specific tree, the number of trees, from the 22nd year until the 25th year of King Gojong, four years of fir trees were planted in Gwangneung, and Gwangneung was the only place where korean pine trees were planted. Fourth, it was possible to identify the age of the tree through fallen fir tree rings, and the period of planting fir trees growing in the existing mausoleum is judged to be the equivalent year of King Gojong's reign from the 10th year of King Cheoljong's reign.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2012

Seonreung is the tomb of Seong-jong (A.D. 1457~1494), the 9th king of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) and his second queen Jeonghyeon-wanghu (1462~1530). We obtained dendrochronological dates of Jeongjagak (ceremonial hall) of Seonreung. It was known first built in 1495 and reconstructed in October 1706, We obtained tree-ring dates of 20 wood elements (beams, pillars, truss posts, cant strips, roof boards and roof loaders). Their outermost rings were dated from 1630 to 1705. The dates of bark rings in four elements were A.D. 1705 with completed latewoods, indicating that these woods were cut some time between the autumn of 1705 and spring of 1706. The results confirmed the reconstruction date Jeongjagak of Seonreung in 1706, suggesting that there was not so long period for wood drying or storage, i.e., less than 6 months. The dates of outermost rings prior to 1705 in other elements indicated that some outer rings of these elements were removed during wood processing. Tree-ring dating proved that the present Jeongjagak of Seonreung had been well preserved for more than 300 years.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to conduct the species identification and tree-ring dating of Lotus Pedestal of the Amitabha Statue at Ssangbong-Temple in Hwasun. The six wood blocks used for the Lotus Pedestal were hard pines (Pinus spp.; diploxilon) except one piece which was ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.). The lotus leaves surrounding the pedestal body were also made of ginkgo. Tree-ring patterns of 3 blocks were synchronized and a 133 years chronology was made. The chronology was crossdated well with the master chronology of Japanese red pine in South Korea. It dated back to A. D. 1551~1683, i.e. the last ring dated A. D. 1683. Through the estimation of the number of sapwood rings removed during carving, the felling year was calculated A. D. $1704{\pm}10$. The calligraphic writing on the Pedestal indicated that this statue was made in A. D. 1694. Therefore, the accuracy of the tree-ring dating has been proven.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.258-267
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• 2014

We present the dendrochronological dates of Korean wooden furnitures in National Museum of Korea. Six of fourteen were successfully dated. Rice Chest (구 2225) was dated A.D. 1805 +. Others dated were Rice Chest (신수 9479; A.D. 1819), Rice Chest (신수 9475; A.D. $1826{\pm}10$), Ganghwa-Chest with a flap door (구 2341; A.D. $1842{\pm}10$), Ganghwa-Chest with a flap door (구 3124; A.D. $1859{\pm}10$), Chest with a flap door (신수 15731; A.D. $1865{\pm}10$). Most of existing cabinets were made in 1800s. Rice Chest (신수 9479) was the earliest piece of furniture in the collections of National Museum. The furniture is usually composed one species. The major species was Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.424-431
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• 2010

Yungneung is the royal tomb of King Jangjo (the Crown Prince Sado, 1735~1762) and his wife, Hyegyeonggung-the Lady Hong (1735~1815). King Jangjo was the second son of the 21st King Yeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty. The tomb of King Jangjo was originally established at Yangju near Seoul in 1762 and moved to Whaseong near Suwon in 1789. We examined tree-ring (dendrochronological) dates of Jeongjagak, the ceremonial hall and Bigak, the tombstone house of Yungneung. We obtained tree-ring dates of 54 wood elements. The dates of bark rings were A.D. 1785, 1786, and 1787 with completed latewoods. These tree-ring dates were well matched with the historically recorded date of two buildings, A.D. 1789 when two or three year-storage after cutting logs was considered. The results indicated that the present buildings of Yungneung was built when the royal tomb of King Jangjo was moved from Yangju to Suwon. A historical record about the construction of Yungneung, 'Hyeonyungwon-eugye' confirmed the majority of woods was moved from 'Manrichang', an official storage office in Seoul through Han river and Yellow Sea to Suwon.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2001

April∼August precipitation (141 years : A.D. 1858∼1998) of Mt. Sorak region (East-central Korea) was reconstructed using a tree-ring chronology of Pinus densiflora sampled from Beakdam Shelter area. During the reconstructed Periods, dry periods were 1880∼1887, 1893∼1901 and 1922∼1938, and wet one 1906∼1918. In the long-term variation, the late 19th and early 20th century were drier than the late 20th century. Major wet/dry periodicities in April∼August precipitation series reconstructed were 3.16 and 4.14 years, indicating that short-term variation were more prominent than long-term one.