• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.401-401
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• 2023

터널이나 폐기물저장소와 같은 지하 구조물 또는 지표에서부터 상당한 깊이로 설계되거나 건설되는 구조물을 계획하거나 건축할 때 구조물의 안전성에 영향을 주는 수많은 요인 중에 간과할 수 없는 것이 바로 지하수이다. 뿐만 아니라 지상 혹은 지하에서 오염이 발생하여 오염물질이 지중환경으로 유입되는 경우, 지하수 거동은 오염물의 이송·확산에 지대한 요인으로 작용한다. 최근에는 지구온난화와 같은 유례없는 기후변화를 경험하고 있고, 따라서 수자원으로써 지하수의 역할이 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 지하수의 저류와 거동은 지하매질의 특성에 지배되고 있지만, 지표 아래 자리잡고 있는 매질의 특성을 정확히 파악하기란 매우 힘들고, 따라서 지하수 거동을 해석함에 항상 불확실성이 존재한다. 전통적으로 지하매질의 특성을 이해하기 위해 다양한 지구물리탐사를 수행하여 왔고, 더욱 직접적인 관찰을 위해 시추를 수행하여, 시료를 수집·관찰하고, 시추공에서의 다양한 현장수리실험을 통해 수리특성을 알고자 하였다. 하지만 그동안의 다양한 노력에도 불구하고, 지하매질 및 지하수 거동에 대한 불확실성은 여전히 줄어들지 않고, 오히려 증가하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 지하수 거동을 결정짓는 지하매질의 수리특성에 대한 불확실성을 정량화하기 위한 도구로써, 매개변수 보정법의 하나인 Pilot Point Method(PPM)을 소개하고자 한다. 우물 또는 관측정을 통해 관측되는 지하수의 수위는 지하매질의 특성을 반영하고 있으며, 인간이 가장 쉽게 취득할 수 있는 지하 정보에 해당한다. 지하수 수위를 이용하여 수치모형의 매개변수를 보정하게 되며, 이 때 PPM이 적용된다. Pilot points의 공간적인 분포에 따라 다양한 보정 결과가 산출될 수 있으며, 다양한 결과들을 통해 변동계수를 산정한 후 수리특성의 불확실성이 높은 지역을 나타낼 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과는 물리탐사 또는 시추 작업을 위한 위치 선정의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.22-47
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• 2014

This study was to understand the basic principles of the East Asian wooden structure system research and analysis. The Korea and China ancient architecture internal structure research that the combination of girders and crossbeams position. The ancient wooden structures of eastern Asian countries, Korea and China are not much different from each other in the principles of the wooden architecture structure, combining pillars, purlins and crossbeams. However, it seems that age-division, local-division, national-division differs in detail techniques. China ancient wooden structures combination of purlin and crossbeam, and So-seul Timber(Chinese name: Chashou叉手, Tuojiao 托脚) seems to show differences according to the age of the fulcrum position, detailed approach is also different according to various historical dynasty. Before in the 15th century, Purlin and Crossbeam are coupled to each other, but since the 15th century, seems to have developed a technique combined with each other Girder and Crossbeam and to prevent buckling of the Crossbeam cross-sectional area increased dramatically. For Tuojiao in China Tang-Wudai dynasty(A.D. 618~979), can see that saw the top position Girder and Tuojiao no direct coupling, can be seen as maintaining the safety of the material than the material of the inner wooden structures prevent buckling of the purlin. Korea ancient wooden structures of Goryeo dynasty(A.D. 918~1391), So-seul Timber(Chinese name Tuojiao) why do not to use the fashion? To use Purlin Lower backing material techniques to prevent buckling is a popular trend to stable can be thought of as a preferred way to maintain. I think that with universality beyond the local-division, national-division and the two countries since the 15th century of Korea and China ancient wooden structures detailed mechanism for the purlin buckling. In middle-late Chosen dynasty, The effect of Deotgeolyi- techniques and fleeting beams reduce the purlin buckling that reduces the load transmitted from purlin and crossbeam of how to reduce the load on the roof portion of the architecture fleeting beams used, which of craftsmanship of the Chosen Dynasty building can be referred to as another technique for preventing buckling purlin. This Korea and China ancient architecture purlin beam structure and material So-seul Timber study. Seems to be able to provide a basic research study to restore and designed the old wooden architectures.

• Magazine of the Korea Institute for Structural Maintenance and Inspection
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 2013

응력파의 기반한 비파괴 검사법은 비교적 실험 절차 및 실험에 필요한 장비가 단순하고, 인체에 해가 없으며, 비용이 저렴한 특성을 갖고있다. 따라서 건축/토목 구조물의 비파괴 검사에 매우 효과적인 방법으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 기존의 가속도계, 변위계, 지오폰과 같은 부착 센서를 사용할 경우 표면 처리, 센서의 부착 및 이동에 따른 추가적인 시간이 소요되고, 센서와 구조물의 불완전한 커플링으로 인한 측정 결과의 신뢰성 및 일관성을 유지하지 어렵다는 문제를 발생시킨다. 최근 이러한 문제의 해결책으로 Air-coupled sensor (ACS)의 사용이 각광받고 있으며, 여러 연구자들에 의해 ACS의 가능성 및 실용성이 증명되고 있다. 기존의 접촉센서와 비교하여 ACS를 사용했을 때 얻을 수 있는 가장 큰 장점은 센서의 커플링 문제를 근본적으로 해결하여 신뢰도가 높고 일관적인 측정이 가능하고, 대형 건축/토목 구조물의 표면을 음향스캔하여 결과를 신속하게 처리하여 실시간으로 시각화 할 수 있다는 점이다. 이론적으로 ACS를 이용하여 측정하는 물리값은 콘크리트 내부에서 발생된 응력파의 일부가 공기중으로 전파된 누설파 (Leaky wave)이다. 콘크리트 비파괴 검사에 주로 사용하는 100 kHz이하의 저주파를 측정할 경우 일반적으로 콘텐서마이크가 ACS로 사용될 수 있다. 기존 연구자들은 실험 및 이론적 연구를 통하여 응력파에 기반한 비파괴 방법에서 ACS가 기존의 접촉 센서를 대체할 수 있다는 점을 보여주고 있다. 현재 미국에서는 연방 도로청 (FHWA) 및 국가표준기술연구소 (NIST)의 연구비 지원으로 ACS의 실용성을 높이기 위하여 최적화된 음향반사판의 설계를 통한 ACS 의 민감도를 높이기 위한 연구, 다채널 센서 배열 및 데이터 통합을 위한 새로운 알로리즘 개발, 자동화 및 로봇 기술과 융합과 같은 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 멀지 않은 미래에는 ACS를 장착한 무인 로봇이 다양한 종류의 건축/토목 구조물의 건전도를 평가하기 위하여 종횡무진 활약하는 모습을 현실 속에서 볼 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.71-80
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• 2021

This study tries to shed light on character and architectural features of the 2nd construction of Bunhwangsa temple in the mid-8th century. The site of Bunhwangsa Temple is divided into upper and lower areas based on retaining walls running from northwest to southeast, and the main area of the temple centered on Geumdang(the main hall) is located in the upper area. Space composition of the lower area including Wonji(a garden pond) and Gangdang(a lecture hall), is noteworthy in that Bunhwangsa Temple was constructed in a deviating way from rigorous constructional disciplines and used their space efficiently. The Geumdang in the 2nd construction was the largest worship hall with 7×6 bays. The hall was designed to divide its space into two ; the core space was surrounded by outer space. Each gap between columns in the hall was narrowed from center to outer. The main construction of the Geumdang was built as a stable structure with lead-to corridors. This was a much-advanced style than Geumdang at Hwangnyongsa Temple. The Gangdang is presumed to be a large building site as a typical Gangdang style in the Silla era. It was built in the late 9th century and was located in the northern part of the retaining walls. The composition of the middle gate and southern corridors were in double and long corridor style and they were located in front of the 2nd construction. This style coincided in the form of the architectural style of the Hwangnongsa Temple. The 2nd construction of the Bunhwangsa Temple was smaller than the Hwangnongsa Temple. However, it was a prestigious architecture.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 2019

The Marine concrete that located at immersion zone receives an hydrostatic pressure of 1 atm as depth of the water increased by 10 m. And it could accelerate chloride ion penetration. In this study, to evaluate the influence of hydrostatic pressure on chloride ion penetration, concrete mixed by ordinary Portland cement and Portland blast-furnace slag cement was exposed to 1 and 6 atm and substitute ocean water. As a result, the surface chloride ion concentration of the concrete under 6 atm of hydrostatic pressure increased rapidly and the water-soluble chloride ion contents was increased by depth. In addition, the concrete under 6 atm of hydrostatic pressure showed the increase of capillary pores corresponding to 5~100 nm.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2017

최근 기후변화 영향에 따라 전 세계적으로 인명피해 및 재산피해를 유발하는 자연재난이 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며, 그로 인한 자연재해의 규모가 점점 더 커지고 있다. 실제로 우리나라에서도 지난 1994 년에서 2013 년까지 지난 20 년간 자연재해에 의한 피해액은 12조 3천억 원으로 집계되었으며, 이 중 강우와 태풍에 의한 피해가 85 % 이고, 대설에 의한 피해는 약 13 % 로 자연재해 중 대부분의 피해는 강우 및 태풍에서 발생하지만, 폭설에 의한 피해도 적지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 정확한 예측을 위해 신뢰도 높은 자료 구축을 통한 대설피해 예측에 관한 연구가 필요한 시점이다. 본 연구에서는 대설피해액 예측을 위해 우리나라의 63개 기상 관측소에서 관측한 적설심 자료 및 기상관측 자료와 사회 경제 자료 총 11개를 대설피해 예측을 위한 입력변수로 선정하고, 이를 기상관측소가 속한 도시의 면적에 따라 3개의 지역으로 구분하였다. 주성분분석을 활용하여 선정된 입력변수들을 4개의 주성분으로 구분하고, 인공신경망 및 다중선형 회귀 모형을 구성하여 각 지역별 대설피해 예측의 오차를 분석하였다. 적용결과, 인공신경망 모형을 이용한 대설피해 예측의 수정결정계수는 22.8 %~48.2 %를 나타냈고, 다중선형회귀 모형의 수정결정 계수는 9.2 %~39.7% 로 나타났다. 그러므로 인공신경망 모형이 다중회귀 모형보다 선택된 입력자료를 활용하여 대설피해를 예측하는 목적으로 조금 더 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 향후 자료를 보완 및 모형의 고도화를 통해 보다 정확한 대설피해 예측 함수 개발이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.139-150
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• 2018

This paper aims to elaborate the role and availability of the community enterprise as a form of methodology in local regeneration, dealing with urban social problems generated in the process of urban development. In a situation of the increasing skepticism in the capitalism, the instability in public welfare system and disintegration of community, social economy has come to the fore as an alternative. The community enterprise, especially, has shown the potential to form a virtuous cycle in local regeneration system; residents recognize local problems by themselves; discover and utilize the local resources and assets in the process of solving the problems as an entrepreneurial form; and consequently create social and economic capital which can be reinvested in the local community. Given these aspects, Korean government has implemented supporting policies for the promotion of community enterprises, and new government's "Urban Regeneration New Deal Project" are putting more importance on the role of social and community enterprises as a propulsion unit. In this regard, this paper first explores the concept and features of community enterprise in economic and social aspects, whereby it analyzes the capacity of community enterprises as principal agencies or implements in local development. Then, the development status and institutional supports for community enterprises in the UK is revealed, and investigates case studies which are playing a revolutionary role in urban regeneration or local economic revitalization. Based on this analysis, it draws the main factors for the sustainable and autogenous community enterprise as follows: flexibility in legal forms, community owned assets, diverse fund streams and invigorating social investment market, active partnership between public and private sectors, ardent enterprisers and intermediate support organizations.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.135-144
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• 2018

During the Late Joseon dynasty, abandoned mountain fortresses were urgently repaired for the operation of foothold mountain fortresses in Gyeongsang-do, during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and immediately after the Qing Invasion of Korea in 1636. Immediately after the Qing Invasion of Korea, an external fortress wall was built and added to each of Cheonsaeng Fortress and Geumo Fortress to establish a system of protecting locals inside a fortress at important locations for border defense against Japan in the Yeongnam region. Cheonseng Fortress, however, did not have sufficient geographical and protection conditions as a mountain fortress for protecting people inside it; thus, Gasan Fortress was newly built to replace Cheonsaeng Fortress. Geumo and Gasan Fortresses were used in border defense against Japan during the period from King Injo's reign to the end of Joseon Dynasty, because the fortresses served the purpose of defending Nakdonggang River and middle roads located at important roads along the border in the Yeongnam region and because it was possible to quickly repair and use their existing fortress walls and internal facilities, such as middle fortress walls and ponds, that were constructed for long-term protection of locals inside the fortress. In addition, it was found, in this study, that a continuous discussion on how to supplement fortresses led to the reinforcement and improvement of fortress facilities and fortification technology through the application of major strengths of Chinese (Ming) and Japanese fortress systems.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2019

This study proposes a new ERAM model with building population weighting. Previous studies of applying weightings on ERAM model on the scale of urban space were focused on the relationship between the street and the human behavior. However, this study focuses on the influences that buildings give to human behavior and develops a building population weighted ERAM model. This research starts by analyzing ERAM model to its basic compositions, which are adjacency matrix and row vector. It applies building population weighting to the row vector, while previous studies put weightings in the adjacency matrix. Building population weighted ERAM model calculates the building population weighting based on GIS data, which provides objective and massive data of buildings in the urban scale. For the verification of the model, Insa-dong and Myeong-dong were analyzed with both ERAM model and building population weighted ERAM model. The results were analyzed through the correlation test with actual pedestrian population data of the two districts. As a result, the explanation ability of building population weighted ERAM model for the pedestrian population turned out to be higher than the ERAM model. Since building population weighted ERAM model has the structure that can be combined with other weighted ERAM models, it is expected to develop a multi-weighted ERAM model with better explanation ability as a further study.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.61-72
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to propose the clue of planning guideline for the elderly welfare center supporting the healthy life of the elderly through deriving the planning element of the elderly welfare center based on the Salutogenic Model(SM). The research method was proceeded with literature review. The meaning of Sense of Coherence(SOC) and Generalised Resistance Resources(GRR) which constitute Salutogenic Model is established. The correlation between SOC and GRR is analyzed. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, EBD, BD, HD, UD, and BFD were studied as planning theories that could enhance the SOC of space. Second, based on the five planning theories, 43 planning elements needed for the elderly welfare center plan were derived. Third, as a result of classifying the plan elements based on the SOC, 'Manageability' is divided into 22 elements, 'Meaningfulness' is 11 and 'Comprehensibility' is 10 elements. Fourth, the details of the SOC items for each theory are as follows: BFD focuses on 'Manageability' with 'Manageability'(74%) and 'Comprehensibility'(26%), but 'Meaningfulness' does not exist. And UD regards 'Comprehensibility'(66%) as important, and 'Manageability' and 'Meaningfulness' as 17%. BD, on the other hand, has a high percentage of 'Meaningfulness'(70%), 'Comprehensibility'(21%) and 'Manageability'(9%). Next, the 'Manageability' of HD and EBD is 46%. And HD was 'Meaningfulness'(34%), 'Comprehensibility'(20%), and EBD was 'Meaningfulness'(30%) and 'Comprehensibility'(24%). The three items of SOC showed different distribution according to the spatial planning theory. As a result of the analysis, the spatial planning theory with the 'Comprehensibility' was related to Universal Design(UD), and the spatial planning theory with the 'Manageability' was related to Barrier-Free Design(BFD). In addition, the spatial planning theory of 'Meaningfulness' was related to Bio-philic Design(BD). Therefore, the plan of the elderly welfare center needs to approach the multidimensional design methodology to enhance the SOC(Sense of Coherence).