• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.213-230
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the initial movement and the stress distribution of each tooth and periodontal ligament during the lingual lever-arm retraction of 6 maxillary incisors using FEA. Two kinds of finite element models were produced: 2-properties model (simple model) and 24-properties model (multi model) according to the material property assignment. The subject was an adult male of 23 years old. The DICOM images through the CT of the patient were converted into the 3D image model of a skull using the Mimics (version 10.11, Materialise's interactive Medical Image Control System, Materialise, Belgium). After series of calculating, remeshing, exporting, importing process and volume mesh process was performed, FEA models were produced. FEA models are consisted of maxilla, maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, periodontal ligaments and lingual traction arm. The boundary conditions fixed the movements of posterior, sagittal and upper part of the model to the directions of X, Y, Z axis respectively. The model was set to be symmetrical to X axis. Through the center of resistance of maxilla complex, a retraction force of 200g was applied horizontally to the occlusal plane. Under this conditions, the initial movements and stress distributions were evaluated by 3D FEA. In the result, the amount of posterior movement was larger in the multi model than in the simple model as well as the amount of vertically rotation. The pattern of the posterior movement in the central incisors and lateral incisors was controlled tipping movement, and the amount was larger than in the canine. But the amount of root movement of the canine was larger than others. The incisor rotated downwardly and the canines upwardly around contact points of lateral incisor and canine in the both models. The values of stress are similar in the both simple and multi model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1600-1607
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of nutrition education methodology on consumption of processed food and personality of middle school students aged 14 to 16 years who live in Busan. We categorized questionnaire based on students' consumption of processed food and personality characteristics. Based on the above, we determined serum mineral level to validate the correlation between personal characteristics and quantifiable serum mineral level. Following adoption of a proper nutrient education methodology, we found that consumption of processed foods such as meat and meat products, frozen food, noodles, bread and snacks, and drink was significantly reduced. In addition, there were distinct changes in personality characteristics such as stability, governmentality, sociality, and responsibility that became markedly increased, whereas impulsiveness decreased. We found that these distinct nutrition- education-based changes were statistically significant, when compared before and after providing proper nutrition education. We interpret these results as group with low stability showed a high consumption of meat and meat products, noodles, bread and snacks, and drink, whereas group with high stability showed a high consumption of milk and dairy products. Similarly, we also found that group with low impulsiveness showed a high consumption of canned foods, whereas group with high impulsiveness showed a high consumption of meat and meat products, frozen food, noodles, bread and snacks. Our results indicated that serum Na after nutrition education decreased, whereas other minerals including Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg and K increased, when compared with before nutrition education procedure. This study suggests that nutrition education methodology and establishment of proper dietary educational programs keeping in view balanced dietary habits for middle school students would not only appear to make them get along with healthy dietary habits, but also change their personality characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.785-795
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• 2018

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recognized the risk of hull fouling and announced '2011 Guidelines for the control and management of ship's biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species'and is planning international regulations to enforce them in the future. In this study, to effectively respond to future international regulation, we introduce the case of leading countries related to management of hull fouling and also investigate environmental risk assessment techniques for in-water cleaning. Australia and New Zealand, the leading countries in hull fouling management, have established hull fouling regulations through biological and chemical risk assessment based on in-water cleaning scenarios. Most European countries without their government regulation have been found to perform in-water cleaning in accordance with the IMO's hull fouling regulations. In the Republic of Korea, there is no domestic law for hull fouling organisms, and only approximately 17 species of marine ecological disturbance organisms, are designated and managed under the Marine Ecosystem Law. Since in-water cleaning is accompanied by diffusion of alien species and release of chemical substances into aquatic environments, results from biological as well as chemical risk assessment are performed separately, and then evaluation of in-water cleaning permission is judged by combining these two results. Biological risk assessment created 40 codes of in-water cleaning scenarios, and calculated Risk Priority Number (RPN) scores based on key factors that affect intrusion of alien species during in-water cleaning. Chemical risk assessment was performed using the MAMPEC (Marine Antifoulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentrations), to determine PEC and PNEC values based on copper concentration released during in-water cleaning. Finally, if the PEC/PNEC ratio is >1, it means that chemical risk is high. Based on the assumption that the R/V EARDO ship performs in-water cleaning at Busan's Gamcheon Port, biological risk was estimated to be low due to the RPN value was <10,000, but the PEC/PNEC ratio was higher than 1, it was evaluated as impossible for in-water cleaning. Therefore, it will be necessary for the Republic of Korea to develop the in-water cleaning technology by referring to the case of leading countries and to establish domestic law of ship's hull fouling management, suitable for domestic harbors.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to analyse and conduct the comprehensive geriatric assessment for the elderly in rural area. The subjects were 388 older people aged 65 years or older living in the community. Data for comprehensive assessment such as physical, mental, functional, social and environmental conditions were collected from January to February, 2001 through a person-to-person interview. Of the total 388 olders, 169(43.6%) were men and 219(56.4%) were women. Mean ages of men and women were $73.5{\pm}6.4$ and $74.0{\pm}6.2$ years respectively. Three common diseases of the elderly were arthralgia(51.6%), chronic back pain(33.2%) and hypertension(18.6%), and higher in women than in men. Impairment rate of vision, hearing and bowel or bladder control was 59.0%, 20.1%, and 28.4% respectively. But that of lover extremities 3.4%. In terms of cognitive function, short term memory loss was found in 33.7% of males and 44.7% of females. The percentage of fully independent in the six ADL items was 72.2% in men and 58.9% in women. In the social supportive system, 49.5% of the elderly were living with spouse, and 22.9% living alone, 26.3% having care giver. These results will provide basic data for the development of community-based health program, which gives appropriate health service for the elderly living in the community.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2014

Objective: The objectives were to estimate the rate of the injury in the elderly over the past year and to identify factors related to injury in the elderly in South Korea. Method: Using data from the 2008 Community Health Survey, 43,049 elderly persons, aged 65 years and older, were selected as study subjects. Their experience of injury during the past year and other variables, including socio-demographic factors, health-related factors, and diagnosed chronic diseases, were used. The chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression analysis with weighted analysis were conducted and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Result: The rate of injury in the elderly during the past year was 5.1%. The most common types of the injury were falling/slipping down and traffic accidents. Factors related to injury in the elderly were living alone, current drinking, depression, poor self-rated health, stroke, and osteoporosis. Living alone (odds ratio 1.23, 95% CI: 1.05-1.45), current drinkers (OR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05-1.35), poor self-rated health (OR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.43-2.08), depression (OR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.17-1.68), and history of stroke (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.17-1.68), and history of osteoporosis (OR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.26-1.66) were related to an increased risk of injury. Conclusions: Intervention programs that consider the risk factors related to injury should be developed and implemented to decrease and prevent injuries in the elderly.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.246-254
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• 2013

Five isolates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) collected from various regions of Korea were amplified using PCR and determined the sequences of full-length genome, respectively. The PCR-amplified DNA of each TYLCV isolate was introduced into a binary vector to construct infectious clone containing 1.9 copies of the corresponding viral genome. Various cultivars and breeding lines of tomato were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring infectious clone of each TYLCV isolate to assess resistance against TYLCV. Susceptible cultivar 'Super-sunread' revealed typical yellowing and narrowing of the upper leaves. In contrast, breeding linesTY12, GC9, GC171, and GC173, which contained the TY-1 and/or TY-3 genes that confer resistance against TYLCV in nature, were completely symptomless, suggesting that the lines were resistant to challenging TYLCV isolates. Symptoms of TYLCV in susceptible tomato cultivars are significantly different from those of TYLCV in the resistant tomato cultivars at 30 days after agroinfiltration. Although genomic DNAs of TYLCV were detected from the breeding lines TY12, GC9, GC171, and GC173 using real-time PCR analysis with specific primers, levels of TYLCV DNA accumulation in the resistant breeding lines were much lower than those of TYLCV DNA accumulation in susceptible tomato cultivars. Similar symptom severity and levels of TYLCV DNA accumulation were observed from TYLCV infections mediated by Bemisia tabaci in the resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Concentration of agrobacterium did not affect the response of tomato cultivars against TYLCV inoculation. Taken together, these results suggest that TYLCV inoculation via agroinfiltration is as effective as inoculation through Bemisia tabaci and is useful for breeding programs of TYLCV-resistant tomato.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2014

Chicken eggs undergo various physiological changes during egg maturation. To study genes associated with the egg maturation in pre-ovulation (immature) and post-ovulation (mature), we compared gene expression patterns between in the immature egg and mature egg using RNA sequencing data. Mature and immature eggs were obtained from a Heuksaek Jaerae-jong of Korean native chicken. Total RNAs obtained from the eggs were sequenced by Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, and the generated sequence reads were mapped to Galgal4 reference sequence assembly using Tuxedo Protocol. From the comparison of the RNA sequencing data, 315 genes were differentially expressed between mature and immature eggs, and 46 genes were only detected in immature egg. Further gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed for the differentially expressed genes using DAVID, showing that 29 and 28 GO terms were independently clustered from mature and immature, respectively. From those clustered GO terms, genes related to germ cell development, sex differentiation and defense response to bacterium were mainly expressed in the immature egg, while genes related to regulation of apoptosis, steroid metabolic process and lipid homeostasis were mainly detected in the mature egg. Our results could contribute to understand egg maturation before and after ovulation, and develop genetic markers for improving egg quality and productivity.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2010

Purpose: To determine the appropriate prostate planning target volume (PTV) margins for 3-dimensitional (3D) conformal radiotherapy (CRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) patients treated with an endorectal balloon (ERB) under our institutional treatment condition. Materials and Methods: Patients were treated in the supine position. An ERB was inserted into the rectum with 70 cc air prior to planning a CT scan and then each treatment fraction. Electronic portal images (EPIs) and digital reconstructed radiographs (DRR) of planning CT images were used to evaluate inter-fractional patient's setup and ERB errors. To register both image sets, we developed an in-house program written in visual $C^{++}$. A new method to determine prostate PTV margins with an ERB was developed by using the common method. Results: The mean value of patient setup errors was within 1 mm in all directions. The ERB inter-fractional errors in the superior-inferior (SI) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions were larger than in the left-right (LR) direction. The calculated 1D symmetric PTV margins were 3.0 mm, 8.2 mm, and 8.5 mm for 3D CRT and 4.1 mm, 7.9 mm, and 10.3 mm for IMRT in LR, SI, and AP, respectively according to the new method including ERB random errors. Conclusion: The ERB random error contributes to the deformation of the prostate, which affects the original treatment planning. Thus, a new PTV margin method includes dose blurring effects of ERB. The correction of ERB systematic error is a prerequisite since the new method only accounts for ERB random error.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the Physiochemical Properties of loin and rump in the native horse meat from Jeju. In the analysis of chemical composition of loin and rump, the result showed $72.2\%\;and\;73.8\%$ in moisture content $20.1\%\;and\;21.2\%$ in crude protein, $2.42\%\;and\;3.08\%$ in crude Int and $0.13\%\;and\;0.14\%$ in crude ash respectively. Glutamic acid was 3,275mg/100g and 3,577mg/100g in loin and rump each and it had highest result in amino acid analysis. K content was 388.0mg/100g which showed highest result in mineral analysis and next contents were P>Na>Mg>Ca. Oleic acid had highest result in fatty acid composition which were $62.64\%\;and\;63.77\%$ in loin and rump respectively. Cholesterol content of loin and rump were 43.25 and 43.57 mg/100g but showed no significant differences to the part. pH of loin and rump were 5.60 and 5.75 which had no significant differences. Loin had Higher result than that of rump with no significant differences in WHC and springiness of texture analysis. Redness of rump was higher than that of loin. In the sensory evaluation, there were significant differences in the color and odor. Loin had higher result than that of rump in the overall palatability but showed no significant differences. With the result of this experiment native horse meat from Jeju could be understood as good meat resources.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.90-100
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• 2008

=Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the smoking rate and the related factors to early smoking of high school students.Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 920 students in 3 high schools in Daegu Metropolitan Results: Of total respondents, 1.8% had experience of smoking. Of those, 20.2% citied curiosity, 9.0% cited upon recommendation of friends, and 6.2% cited stress management as the main reason for their smoking. Separately, 53.1% responded habitually and 26.5% responded stress management as the main reason for continuing smoking. Of total former smokers, 68.4% said 'worry about their health' as the main reason for quitting smoking. Of those who failed to quit smoking, 58.7% cited 'weakness of will' as the main reason for their failure. Of total respondents, 10.8% were smoking currently. 'Smoking of family member'(p<0.01) and 'intent to smoke'(p<0.05) were significantly associated to early smoking of the subjects.In multivariate logistic regression analysis, 'higher levels of stress' and 'smoking of family member' were significant related factors to early smoking.Conclusions: Amid growing number of early smokers, it is imminent to identify the actual state of discourage smoking. In addition, education programs need to be developed to assist early smokers in quitting smoking and prevent smoking among youth.