• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2004

Virtual reality that we have seen from the movies in 80's and 90's is hawing near based on the rapid progress of science together with a computer technology. Various virtual reality system developments (such as VRML, HMD FishTank, Wall Type, CAVE Type, and so on) and the advancement of those systems make for the embodiment of virtual reality that gives more sense of the real. Virtual reality is so immersive that makes people feel like they are in that environment and enable them to manipulate without experiencing the environment at first hand that is hard to experience in reality. Virtual reality can be applied to the spheres, such as education, high-level programming, remote control, surface exploration of the remote satellite, analysis of exploration data, scientific visualization, and so on. For some connote examples, there are training of a tank and an aeroplane operation, fumiture layout design, surgical operation practice, game, and so on. In these virtual reality systems, the actual operation of the human participant and virtual workspace are connected each other to the hardware that stimulates the five senses adequately to lend the sense of the immersion. There are still long way to go, however, before long it will be possible to have the same feeling in the virtual reality as human being can have by further study and effort. In this thesis, the basic definition, the general idea, and the kind of virtual reality were discussed. Especially, CAVE typed in reality that is highly immersive was analyzed in definition, and then the method of VR programming and modeling in the virtual reality system were suggested by showing the restoration process of Kyongbok Palace (as the content of the original form of the culture) that was made by KISTI(Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) in 2003 through design process in virtual reality system. Through these processes, utilization of the immersive virtual reality system was discussed and how to take advantage of this CAVE typed virtual reality system at the moment was studied. In closing the problems that had been exposed in the process of the restoration of the cultural property were described and the utilization plan of the virtual reality system was suggested.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.272-287
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• 2019

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was established in 1953 by the Korean War Armistice Agreement. It extends from the estuary of the Imjin River, in the west, to the coast of the East Sea. It is 4 km in width and 148 km in length. However, the ecosystems of the civilian control zone (CCZ) located between the southern border of the DMZ and the civilian control line (CCL) and the CCZ in the estuary of the Han River and the Yellow Sea are similar to those in the DMZ, and, therefore, the ecosystems of the DMZ and the CCZ are collectively known as the "ecosystems of the DMZ and its vicinities." The flora in the DMZ and its vicinities is composed of 1,864 species, which accounts for about 42% of all the vascular plant species on the Korean Peninsula and its affiliated islands. Conducting a detailed survey on the vegetation, flora, and fauna in the DMZ is almost impossible due to the presence of landmines and limitations on the time allowed to be spent in the DMZ. However, to assess the environmental impact of the Munsan-Gaesong railroad reconstruction project, it was possible to undertake a limited vegetation survey within the DMZ in 2001. The vegetation in Jangdan-myeon, in Paju City within the DMZ, was very simple. It was mostly secondary forests dominated by oaks such as Quercus mongolica, Q. acutissima, and Q. variabilis. The other half of the DMZ in Jangdan-myeon was occupied by grassland composed of tall grasses such as Miscanthus sinensis, M. sacchariflorus, and Phragmites japonica. Contrary to the expectation that the DMZ may be covered with pristine mature forests due to more than 60 years of no human interference, the vegetation in the DMZ was composed of simple secondary forests and grasslands formed on former rice paddies and agricultural fields. At present, the only legal protection system planned for the DMZ is the Natural Environment Conservation Act, which ensures that the DMZ would be managed as a nature reserve for only two years following Korean reunification. Therefore, firstly, the DMZ should be designated as a site of domestic legally protected areas such as nature reserve (natural monument), scenic site, national park, etc. In addition, we need to try to designate the DMZ as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve or as a World Heritage site, or as a Ramsar international wetland for international cooperation. For nomination as a world heritage site, we can emphasize the ecological and landscape value of the wetlands converted from the former rice paddies and the secondary forests maintained by frequent fires initiated by military activities. If the two Koreas unexpectedly reunite without any measures in place for the protection of nature in the DMZ, the conditions prior to the Korean War, such as rice paddies and villages, will return. In order to maintain the current condition of the ecosystems in the DMZ, we have to discuss and prepare for measures including the retention of mines and barbed-wire fences, the construction of roads and railroads in the form of tunnels or bridges, and the maintenance of the current fire regime in the DMZ.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2018

강재의 방식법 중 도장은 부식을 억제하는데 효과적이고 편리한 방법으로 선박 및 해양 강 구조물의 방식법으로 사용되고 있다. 한편, 강 구조물의 효율적인 유지관리를 위해서는 방식 도장의 도막 열화도를 평가하고 잔존 수명을 예측하여 최적 시기에 보수도장 혹은 재도장하는 것이 필요하다. 일반적으로 선박 및 해양구조물에 적용되는 도막의 방식 성능 평가 방법으로 해수 침지 시험, 염수 분무 시험, 옥외 폭로 시험 등이 있다. 그러나 이러한 시험들은 그 시험 방법에 따라서 정량적인 평가에 한계가 있음은 물론 장기간 소요되는 등 곤란한 문제점이 있다. 그러므로 선박 및 해양구조물을 비롯하여 교량, 각종 강 구조물의 도장 방식에 사용되는 방식용 도료의 성능을 단기간에 적절하게 평가할 수 있는 가속시험법이 제시되며 연구-사용되고 있다. 그 중 도막 방식 성능을 보다 효율적, 비파괴적, 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 임피던스 분광법(EIS)과 같은 전기화학적 방법은 상대적으로 시험 기간을 크게 단축시킬 수 있고, 대상 방식 도장의 미세한 성능 차이도 분별 가능하다는 장점이 있다[1]. 따라서 본 연구에서는 선박 및 해양구조물 등 가혹한 부식환경에서 강력한 내구성을 가질 수 있도록 다양한 종류의 표면처리 도장 시편을 제작하여 자외선 조사-염수분무-침지환경 등의 열악한 환경조건 하에서 부식-열화 촉진 시험을 실시하였다. 그리고 그 촉진 열화 과정에서 도막의 외관 상태를 관찰 분석함은 물론 전기화학적 임피던스 분광법을 병행 측정하며 그 표면막의 부식 및 도막 열화도를 비교-종합 평가하였다.본 연구에 사용된 시편은 Al 및 Zn 도금 강판에 에폭시, 에폭시-실리콘 우레탄, 에폭시-우레탄 도장 시편으로 Scribe, No Scribe 및 비교재 Al 및 Zn 도금 시편으로 분류하여 각각 실험을 진행하였다. 즉, 도막 열화 시험은 복합 노화 시험법으로 UV 조사 36 시간(ASTM G53), 염수분무 32 시간(ISO 7253), 수분 응축 10 시간을 1 Cycle로 100 Cycle(7800 시간) 동안 실험을 진행하였다. 이때 도막 열화도 평가는 전기화학적 임피던스 분광법을 이용하여 각 실험 조건별로 주파수에 따른 임피던스(Z) 값을 평가하였다. 즉, 상온 $25^{\circ}C$의 3.5% NaCl 100 ml 수용액에 작동 전극(Working Electrode)과 구리 도선을 통해 연결하였고, 노출 면적은 $1cm^2$로 일정하게 유지 하였으며, 상대 전극(Counter Electrode)은 탄소봉, 기준 전극(Reference Electrode)으로 포화카로멜전극(Saturated Calomel Electrode)을 사용하여 측정하였다. No Scribe 시편의 경우에는 Al 기판 에폭시-실리콘 우레탄 도장 시편이 우수한 도막 저항성을 나타내었으며, 에폭시-우레탄 도장시편은 23사이클 이후의 저항값이 가장 낮게 나타났다. Zn 기판의 경우는 에폭시, 에폭시-실리콘 우레탄, 에폭시-우레탄 도장 시편 모두 저항 값이 유사하였으며, Al 및 Zn 도금 시편은 도장 처리된 시편에 비해 훨씬 낮은 저항 값을 보였다. 또한 Scribe 시편의 경우에는 Al 기판 에폭시-실리콘 우레탄 도장 시편에서 높은 초기 저항 값을 보였으며, 23 사이클 후의 저항 값은 세 종류의 도막에서 약 1~0.1 Gohm 으로 나타났다. 그리고 Zn 기판 에폭시-실리콘 우레탄 도장 시편에서 가장 낮은 도막 저항 값이 나타났다. 이상의 실험을 통해서 본 연구 내용은 실내촉진시험으로 선박 및 해양 강 구조물에 사용되는 다양한 종류의 도막의 열화도를 평가하는 기초 설계 지침으로 응용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 한편, 도막은 노출 환경에 따라 방식 성능이 다르므로 실제 도막의 사용환경을 고려하여 도장 사양별 적용 부위에 따른 적정 가속 실험 방법을 선정할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.17-26
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• 1996

The undrained behavior of Asan marine soil was investigated by using an automated triaxial testing device. The stress-strain behavior at the preand postfailure state of marine soil under undrained compression and eatension conditions was compared with the behavior of pure silt, pure clay and the overall behavior of Asan marine soil was predicted with the modified Camflay model and the bounding surface model. The marine soil sampled in Asan bay area was clayey silts with 70oA silt-30% clay content and the testing samples were prepared in both undisturbed and remolded conditions. All samples are normally consolidated with 400 kPa of effective mean confining pressure and each sample is unloaded to 200, 100, 67 kPa, respectively. And then the shear test was performed with different confining pressure. According to experimental results, there exists an unique failure line whose slope is lower than silt's and higher than clay's. It is identified that the undrained shear strength of normally consolidated samples increases after crossing the phase transformation line because of volume dilation tendency which is not seen in clay. Overconsolidated samples show different soil behavior compared with pure silt due to its tendency of change in volume. It is also found that the overall behavior of Asan marine soil cannot be predicted precisely with the modified Cam-clay model and the bounding surface model.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.187-193
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• 2015

The ICT healing platform sets a couple of goals including preventing chronic diseases and sending out early disease warnings based on personal information such as bio-signals and life habits. The 2-step open system(TOS) had a relay designed between the healing platform and the storage of personal health data. It also took into account a publish/subscribe(pub/sub) service based on large-scale connections to transmit(monitor) the data processing process in real time. In the early design of TOS pub/sub, however, the same buffers were allocated regardless of connection idling and type of message in order to encode connection messages into a deflate algorithm. Proposed in this study, the dynamic buffer allocation was performed as follows: the message transmission type of each connection was first put to queuing; each queue was extracted for its feature, computed, and converted into vector through tf-idf, then being entered into a k-means cluster and forming a cluster; connections categorized under a certain cluster would re-allocate the resources according to the resource table of the cluster; the centroid of each cluster would select a queuing pattern to represent the cluster in advance and present it as a resource reference table(encoding efficiency by the buffer sizes); and the proposed design would perform trade-off between the calculation resources and the network bandwidth for cluster and feature calculations to efficiently allocate the encoding buffer resources of TOS to the network connections, thus contributing to the increased tps(number of real-time data processing and monitoring connections per unit hour) of TOS.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2018

The characteristics of enzyme and gene for mannanase B had been reported from Cellulosimicrobium sp. YB-43 producing some kind of mannanase. A gene coding for the enzyme, named mannanase C (ManC), was expected to be located downstream of the manB gene. The manC gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced completely. From this nucleotide sequence, ManC was identified to consist of 448 amino residues and contain a carbohydrate binding domain CBM2 besides a catalytic domain, which was homologous to mannanase belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5. The catalytic domain of ManC showed the highest amino acid sequence similarity of 55% with the mannanases from Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E (55.8%; 4FK9_A) and S. thermoluteus (57.6%; BAM62868). The His-tagged ManC (HtManC) lacking N-terminal signal peptide with hexahistidine at C-terminus was produced and purified from cell extract of recombinant Escherichia coli. The purified HtManC showed maximal activity at $65^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.5, with no significant change in its activity at pH range from 7.5 to 10. HtManC showed more active on konjac and locust bean gum (LBG) than guar gum and ivory nut mannan (ivory nut). Vmax and Km values of the HtManC for LBG were 68 U/mg and 0.45 mg/ml on the optimal condition, respectively. Mannobiose and mannotriose were observed on TLC as major products resulting from the HtManC hydrolysis of mannooligosacharides. In addition, mannobiose and mannose were commonly detected as the hydrolyzed products of LBG, konjac and ivory nut.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2018

In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of wet tissue manufacturing process was performed. The wet tissue manufacturing process consists of preparation of wetting agent (chemical liquid), impregnation of nonwoven fabric into wetting agent and primary and secondary packaging. Data and information were collected on the input and output of the actual process from a certain company and the database of the Korea Ministry of Environment and some foreign countries (when Korean unavailable) were employed to connect the upper and the lower process flow. Based on the above and the potential environmental impacts of the wet tissue manufacturing process were calculated. As a result of the characterization, Ozone Layer Depletion (OD) is 3.46.E-06 kg $CFC_{11}$, Acidification (AD) is 5.11.E-01 kg $SO_2$, Abiotic Resource Depletion (ARD) is $3.52.E+00\;1yr^{-1}$, Global Warming (GW) is 1.04.E+02 kg $CO_2$, Eutrophication (EUT) is 2.31.E-02 kg ${PO_4}^{3-}$, Photochemical Oxide Creation (POC) was 2.22.E-02 kg $C_2H_4$, Human Toxicity (HT) was 1.55.E+00 kg 1,4 DCB and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (ET) was 5.82.E-04 kg 1,4 DCB. In order to reduce the environmental impact of the manufacturing process, it is necessary to improve the overall process as other general cases and change the raw materials including packaging materials with less environmental impact. Conclusively, the energy consumed in the manufacturing process has emerged as a major issue, and this needs to be reconsidered other options such as alternative energy. Therefore, it is recommended that a process system should be redesigned to improve energy efficiency and to change to an energy source with lower environmental impact. Due to the nature of LCA, the final results of this study can be varied to some extent depending on the type of LCI DB employed and may not represent of all wet tissue manufacturing processes in the current industry.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.13 no.3 s.55
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• pp.119-126
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• 2009

This study investigated the fire resistance of RC columns applying Fiber addition method, Fire board attaching method, and Fire proof sparying method. The results were summarized as following. The test showed that increase of fiber content, as expected, decreased the fluidity of fresh concrete, but for the types of fiber, the specimens containing nylon(NY) was favorable. The incline of fiber content also affected on the air content of concrete, which the specimens adding polypropylene(PP) fiber was the lowest, followed by a less decrease in polyvinyl alchhol(PVA) and then NY respectively. For the compressive strength at 28days, it was over 50MPa and showed slight increasing tendency by rising fiber contents. After the fire test completed, control concrete exhibited the severe demage, while the specimens containing more than 0.05vol.% of PP and NY was able to protect from spalling. In the case of splay, the partly spalling occurred at the all finishing material, however the RC columns were protected from spalling. For the methods attached with boards, all RC columns were protected except the dry attaching method. The reduced weight ratio was favorable because it was below 8 % except for plain concrete.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.242-275
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• 2022

This study tries to reveal the structure of the "Kisun"(senior envoy ship) taken by senior envoys for the 10^th to 12^th visits to Japan from the perspective of professional shipbuilding engineering focusing on the theory of the ship in the travel logs of royal envoys to Japan (Sahaengrok) written by Joseon Tongsinsa that includes 12 visits to Japan for about 200 years from 1607 to 1811. The results of the study showed that the size of Kisun for the 10^th to 12^th envoy visits was 19 Pa (把) and a half in length and 6 Pa (把) and 2 Cheok (尺) in width. The height of the Sampan was found to be 2 Pa (把) and 1 Cheok (尺) based on records in Gyemisusarok and Jeungjeonggyorinji. The structure of Kisun was different for each visit but, it was found that Kisun was mainly composed of a main deck, bow (bow plate, stem plate), stern (stern plate), Sampan, Meonge (support), Garyong (support), Sinbang, Gungji, deck, two masts and sail, Gurejjak (mast support), Panok, stern Panok, Taru, dodger, anchor reel, stairs, rail, rudder, oar, and anchor. In addition, wood and iron nails were used together for connection. It was also found that the sail was made of herbage and cotton. This study found that Kisun, which was operated for the 10^th and 12^th envoy visits, was big in terms of length and height among the Joseon Tongsinsa fleet to show the authority and dignity of Joseon and that it had passages outside on the sides of the vessel and paddles were located between the sides and Panok structure and rails were installed on four sides on the Panok, improving stability and linear beauty. The walls of Panok were decorated with the royal Dancheong pattern and fancy murals. In addition, it was found that they wished for a safe voyage by drawing a demon face on the bow. Therefore, it was revealed that Kisun, which was taken by envoys as recorded in travel logs, was made by the state and equipped with structures and functions that enabled international voyages.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.40
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• pp.269-305
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• 2020

Youngsan is generally known as Pansori Danga(短歌). However, the contents of 'Yeongsan' in 『Songnamjabji』 are different. In 『Songnamjabji』, Cho Jaesam explained the contents related to 'Youngsan' using three kinds of poems: Shin Kwangsoo's poem, Baegho Imje's poem, Kim Myeongwon's poem. First, 'Ujo Youngsan' appears in Shin Kwangsoo's poem. Shin Kwangsoo wrote the (1750) when Yoo Jinhan's 『Manhwajib(晩華集)』(1754) was published. It is difficult to see the 'Ujo Youngsan', which appears in Shin Kwangsoo's poem written in a time when Pansori was not widely known, as the Pansori Danga. Second, Jo Jaesam called the music in Baegho Imje's poem 'Youngsan Dodeueum'. In 'Youngsan Dodeueum', flute and 'Dodeuli rhythm' were used. This fact is connected with , an instrumental music. , also a Buddhist term, continued to be used in the palace as well as among the people. Third, Cho Jaesam introduced Kim Myeongwon's poem in 'Yeongsan' part and called it 'Taryeong.' At that time, the term 'Taryeong' referred to both Pansori and Jeongga(正歌). Later, in the 19th century, 'Youngsan' was recorded as a term for the Danga to loosen the neck before Pansori began in earnest. In other words, the early 'Yeongsan' recorded in 『Songnamjabji』 was a Buddhist term, referring to the music of the upper class Seonbi, such as , Gasa(歌詞) and Sijo(時調). In 1855, when 『Songnamjabji』 was written, 'Youngsan' was used as a term used to refer to both Changbu-Music and Gagaek(歌客)-Music, mixed with the term 'Taryeong'. And as Pansori became popular, the term 'Taryeong' came to be called 'Pansori' and 'Youngsan' was used to refer to Pansori Danga. Therefore, all the records of 'Youngsan' should not be interpreted as Pansori Danga. This situation is closely related to religious and social change. The policy of worshipping Confucianism and suppressing Buddhism rejected the term 'Youngsan' which had a Buddhist meaning. In the middle of Joseon Dynasty, when Buddhism was suppressed, 'Youngsan' and 'Taryeong' were mixed. As Buddhism regrown in the late Joseon Dynasty, with the advent of Pansori, the term 'Youngsan' seems to be newly resettled in the sense of Danga. Pansori appeared in the 19th century and 'Yeongsan' was used as a Danga. And the reason should be regarded as this social and religious change.