• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3 s.116
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• pp.91-103
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• 2006

조경설계의 도구로서 컴퓨터 드로잉 기술은 핸드드로잉이 제공할 수 없었던 많은 이점을 제공하여 주며, 그 중요성은 현 미국 조경설계 실무 및 교육에서 점점 커 가고 있는 실정이다. 하지만 조경교육 측면에서 핸드드로잉과 컴퓨터 드로잉을 어떻게 균형을 맞추어야 하는지 쉽지 않은 논쟁거리를 제공한다. 이러한 미국 조경교육계의 고민은 미국에 국한된 문제가 아니라 한국 조경교육에서도 진지하게 고려되어야 되는 문제로 보인다. 본 연구는 미국 달라스시와 포트워쓰시를 포함한 미 텍사스주 북부에 위치한 설계사무소에 근무하는 조경기술사를 취득한 조경설계가들을 대상으로 실시한 설문을 통하여 조경실무에 있어서 핸드드로잉과 컴퓨터 드로잉의 역할에 대하여 조사하였다. 달라스시와 포트워쓰시는 Carter & Burgess, HOK, Mesa Design Group, SMR, SWA Group, TBG Partners등 미국의 대표적인 조경설계사무소 대부분이 본사 혹은 지역사무소를 두고 있는 미 남부의 대표적인 금융, 건(축)설 분야의 대표적인 쌍둥이 도시로 알려져 있다. 설문조사 결과, 몇몇 개인 특성들이 일상적인 조경설계에 있어서 핸드드로잉과 컴퓨터 드로잉의 중요성에 대한 인지와 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 컴퓨터 드로잉 기술이 일상적인 조경설계 과정에서 빈번하게 사용되고 있음에도 불구하고, 핸드드로잉만이 제공할 수 있는 고유 역할이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 조경디자인 아이디어를 발전시키는 과정에 핸드드로잉 기법이 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.2936-2948
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• 1993

Multi-stage deep drawing is an important sheet metal forming process. The deformation mechanisms of sheet metals during forming processes are complicated mainly due to the geometry and the lubrication of tools involved, the formability and the anisotropic behaviour of the material. The multi-stage deep-drawing processes including normal-drawing, reverse-drawing, and re-drawing are analyzed by use of the rigid-plastic finite element method. The anisotropic behaviour represented by r-value can be incorporated into the formulation. Punch/die loads and thickness distributions were obtained as results of simulating axisymmetric deep drawing processes. The computed results showed good agreements with experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.78-84
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• 2016

In this work, finite element investigations were carried out to optimize reverse drawing process design for manufacture of high-capacity aluminum liner used in fuel cell vehicle. The tensile tests with aluminum alloy Al6061 annealed at $350^{\circ}C$ were carried out to obtain the flow stresses. In order to estimate more accurate flow stresses after necking, the flow stresses were estimated from the comparison of load vs. displacement curves which were obtained from experimental and simulation results of tensile tests. In case of finite element analyses of reverse drawing processes, it was focused on the effects of process designs such as punch and die designs, blank holding force, drawing ratio and the clearance between the punch and blank holder on the generation of wrinkle and fracture of the blank and partially heated punch. However, it was revealed that experimental results still show the fracture at the end of 2nd drawn cup, although partially heated punch is used. Nevertheless, the drawn cup can be used because the sufficient length of the drawn cup for the next flow forming process and spinning process was obtained.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1993.04b
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• pp.44-48
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• 1993

산업현장에서부터 실생활용품에 이르기까지 각종판재를 소재로하여 제작하는 가공품은 종류나 수가 매우 많다고 할수 있다. 이러한 제품들을 제작 하기 위해 여러단계의 성형 공정을 거치게 되며 원만한 성형공정 을 수행하기 위한 적절한 판재성형 제어방법으로써 다이곡률 반경의 변화나 블랭크홀딩가압정도의 부분적 변화로 드로잉률을 향상시키는 방법도 있으나 이보다 판재의 성형공정 제어방법에서 공구사이 상하에 비드 를 설치하여 판재를 성형할 경우 성형공정후 제품의 두께 분포가 비교적 균일해지고 드로잉의 마찰저항을 부분적으로 증가시키며 판재성형중 미끄럼 저항의 균형을 이루어 성형시킬 판소재가 절감도며 또한 성형중 주름을 억재하여 드로잉률을 향상시킨다. 다른 방법에 비해 비드는 설차가 간단해서 적절한 형상의 bead set을 선정하여 산업현장에서 실제 사용하고 있으며 또한 소재가 비드를 통과한후 탄성역에서 소성역으로 전환되기에 성형공정 이후 스프링백 현상으로인한 제품형상의 치수가 변하는 현상을 방지하는 효과도 기대할수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 자동차용판재인 아연도금피막 강판으로 실험한 결과와 비드 이론식을 고찰해 보고자 한다.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.19
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• pp.67-74
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• 1999

The mechanical properties including forming limit and deep-drawability of commercially-used sheet metals were experimentally estimated in this study. Uniaxial tensile test to obtain basic mechanical properties was carried out, followed by limiting dome height (LDH) test and forming limit diagram (FLD) test to quantitatively evaluate the sheet-formability. Deep drawing and reverse drawing tests were also performed to find out the critical values of the blank holding force and the gap between the die and the blank holder which enabled the deep drawing and reverse drawing of a successful cop without any wrinkle or fracture. The thickness of the cup wall along the rolling-, transeverse- and $45^{\circ}$-directions was measured and compared with one another. And the punch force-stroke curve and the critical punch force expected from the theory coincided with the experimental result very well for mild steel while not for aluminium alloy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

This work discusses the major roles of digital technologies in the history of landscape architectural drawing, and offers a critique of the dominant trend towards realism in recent digital landscape representations. During the period of transition from conventional drawing tools, computer technologies generally functioned as mechanical tools to imitate prior manual techniques. Specifically, the GIS was served as a mechanical tool to efficiently process the manual layer cake; CAD software generally functioned to translate physical models to two-dimensional construction documents while graphic software generally functioned as a tool to perform processes similar to those of manual collage and montage techniques. Recent digital landscape drawings tend to adopt a realistic depiction like the painting of landscape appearance. In the representations, discernible traces of cutting and assembling are removed via graphic software; thus, the complete representations are perceived as if they were a copy of an actual landscape. The realistic images are an easy way to communicate with the public. However, it is difficult to achieve a full embodiment of all of the multisensory characteristics of a landscape through these visuals. They often deceive viewers by visualizing idealized conditions of not-yet-actualized landscapes and production of the final images takes up a large portion of the overall design process. Alternatively, 3D digital modeling of landscape performance and creative uses of digital technologies during the overall design process, as well as hybridized techniques with different drawing techniques and technologies, provide the opportunity to explore various aspects of a landscape.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.183-184
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• 2007

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.118-130
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• 2017

During the landscape design process, landscape architects produce various forms of drawings to visualize the future designed landscape. This work thoroughly examines the process of the utilization of James Corner's theory and practice of representation. Since the early 1990s, Corner has explored the characteristics and functions of landscape architectural drawing theoretically. Specifically, Corner argued that the use of visual representation makes it difficult to achieve the full embodiment of all of the multisensory characteristics of a landscape. Thus, he explored new drawing techniques that alternatively visualize the landscape and generate creative ideas(i.e., imagination of drawing), rather than a realistic illustration of not-yet-actualized landscapes(i.e., instrumentality of drawing). Corner's theory has evolved throughout the mid and late-1990s as applied to landscape practice. Corner embraced ecology and implemented the theory and practice of Landscape Urbanism, thereby once again emphasizing the instrumentality of drawing. Whereas the early theory mainly explored a perspective view using collage and montage, Corner later began to stress the importance of the instrumentality again. For example, Corner employed a mapping technique based on the instrumental map and that simultaneously creatively transforms it. Corner's theory and practice of representation fully explored the identity of landscape architectural drawings and reflected the interaction between theory and practice. Thus, his design and theoretical works continue to have significant influence on present landscape practice and theory.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.302-321
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• 1995

A method of determining an optimum blank shape for the non-circular deep drawing process is investigated. The rigid-plastic finite element method is introduced and the computer program code is developed. The ideal shape of a drawn cup with uniform wall height is assumed and metal flow is traced back-ward step by step to predict an initial blank shape of the ideal cup. For examples of the non-circular deep drawing products, three cases of drawn cup with quadrilateral punch shape are considered and optimum blank shapes for each case are proposed and compared with experimental results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.340-343
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• 2007

This paper introduces a new approach to consider the bending history in finite element inverse analysis of the cylindrical cup drawing. A modified membrane element is adopted to add the bending-unbending energy to the total plastic energy on the bending-unbending region predicted from the geometry of the final shape and tools. The algorithm suggested was applied to a cylindrical cup deep drawing process. The blank shape and the distribution of the thickness strain are compared with those obtained from incremental finite element analysis. The comparison demonstrates the algorithm proposed reduces the difference between the results from inverse analysis and those from incremental analysis when the bending history is considered.