• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1988

This study was designed to find out the effects of aerobic exercise on lipid and Ca metabolism in seven healthy college women, aged 20 to 22 years. Metabolic studies were conducted before and after a 10-weeks exercise period, during which subjects participated in the planned aerobic dance program every day except Sunday. The initial mean time engaged in the exercise was 28 minutes and it was gradually increased up to 45 minutes around the middle point of the exercise period. During both of metabolic study periods, the subjects ate experimental diets which supplied about 120g of protein and 600mg of Ca daily and during the rest of the experimental period they ate their usual diets. The use of alcoholic beverages and drugs were prohibited. The results were summarized as follows. 1) The effect of exercise on lipid metabolism. (1) Mean body weight decreased significantly after exercise(p<0.01) and it did not show a significant decline in skinfold thickness and total body fat contents. (2) Serum total cholesterol level decreased significantly after exercise(p<0.05) and TG level also tended to be lower than that of pre-exercise period. Exercise did not exert any influence on the level of serum HDL-cholesterol in this study. (3) Exercise did not alter total lipid content in feces and apparent lipid absorption rate. 2) The effect of exercise on Ca and P metabolism. (1) After exercise, focal Ca excretion was slightly reduced, however, urinary Ca excretion was not significantly changed. In the results, a slight increase was shown in body Ca retention after exercise. (2) Exercise tended to increase urinary P excretion, but neither P balance nor fecal excretion was significantly changed after exercise. (3) Bone mineral content was not affected by exercise. In summary, aerobic exercise decreased total cholesterol and TG level in serum and tended to increase body Ca retention. With the results, it can be concluded that the additional physical activities beyond the normal daily life in college women might prevent some degenerative diseases-suchas atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.

• 대한근관절건강학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.238-246
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• 2002

최근 경제의 발전과 의학의 발달로 인하여 인간의 수명은 점차 연장됨에 따라, 노인인구도 급격히 증가하고 있다. 40세 이상 여성 인구도 8.998천명으로 전체 여성의 38%를 차지하며 이는 매년 증가할 것이다. 그리하여 전체 인구에 대한 폐경 여성의 점유율도 급격히 증가하고 있다. 폐경 이후 $5{\sim}10$년 동안 매년 $2{\sim}4%$씩 골농도가 감소하고 있기 때문에 폐경기 여성을 위협하는 주요 질환 중 하나가 골다공증이다. 하지만 골다공증은 뚜렷한 자각증상이 없어 골 기형 및 골절이 발생하기 전에는 조기발견이 어렵다. 골다공증은 모든 중년 여성의 건강문제이므로 지역사회에서 골절 발생 위험율을 줄일 수 있도록 골다공증 예방을 위한 건강관리가 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 지역사회에서 적용할 수 있는 골다공증 예방 프로그램을 개발하여 그 효과를 검정한 후 지역사회 중년 여성 건강증진 프로그램으로 활용코저 함에 있다. 골다공증 예방 프로그램은 운동과 교육으로 구성하였으며, 12주 동안 점핑 동작 위주의 에어로빅과 스텝퍼 운동과 근력강화운동(최대 심박수의 $70%{\sim}80%$, $70{\sim}80$분, 3회/주)을 병행하여 실시하였고, 교육은 운동과 칼슘 섭취의 중요성을 건강 신념 이론에 근거하여 자기 효능감을 증대시키는 교육을 하여 지속적인 운동 실천과 칼슘식이 섭취를 하도록 하였다. 대상자는 서울시 일개 보건소에서 골감소증으로 진단받은 폐경 여성으로 실험군 19명과 대조군 19명이었다. 골다공증 예방 프로그램의 효과는 골밀도, DPD ratio, osteocalcin, 일일 평균 칼슘섭취량, 일일 열량 소모량, 배근력, 최대 산소 섭취량, 제지방량과 건강신념 변수로 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 PC SPSS 8.0 프로그램을 이용하여 대상자의 일반적 특성은 실수와 백분율로 실험군과 대조군의 동질성 검사는 t-test, $x^2-test$ 및 Fisher exact test를 이용하였고, 두 집단 간 결과변수들의 중재 전후의 차이는 t-test로 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) $L_{2-4}$ 골밀도는 실험군이 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 2) DPD ratio와 osteocalcin은 두 집단간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3) 배근력은 실험군에서 대조군보다 유의하게 증가하였으나, 제지방량과 최대 산소 섭취량은 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 1991

This study was designed to investigate the effects of aerobic and /or Ca supplementation for six months on lipid metabolism and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The subjects were healthy 29 women aged from 60 to 70 years old. They were divided into four groups: placebo and Ca supplementation group with and without exercise. The amount of Ca supplemented was 500mg a day. The frequency of doing exercise was three times a week and each time, it took 40 minutes to complete all the course of aerobic dancing programmed for old women. During the experimental period, the subjects ate their usual diets and the use of druge as well as additional exercise was prohibited. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Percent body fat and BMI were significantly decreased and the body weight tended to decreased due to aerobic dancing. 2. Serum lipids content tended to show only a slihgt changes due to Ca supplementation: serum triglyceride, total-chol, LDL-chol, FFA content tended to decrease but serum HDL-chol / LDL-chol ratio tended to increase after the experiment in Ca group. On the contrary, serum lipids level was not changed by exercise. 3. Blood pressure did not show any significant changes by Ca supplementation and / or exercise for 6 months in old women. 4. Serum Ca level of Ca group was significantly increased after experiment in Ca group (p<0.05) but not in Ex-Ca group. In summarization, it appeared that the aerobic dancing was a definite way to reduce percent body fat and BMI in postmenopausal women. On the other hand, Ca supplementation seemed to be able to induce favorable changes in serum lipids. However, any synergistic metabolic effects of exercise and Ca supplementation was not seen in this study. Further study is needed to elucidate the relationship between exercise and/or Ca supplementation and the changes in blood lipids profile as well as blood pressure more clearly.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 1992

This study was designed to find out the effects of aerobic exercise on the serum lipids in the middle-aged women. The effects of aerobic dancing on serum total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were studied in eight sedentary women(control group) and twenty seven aerobic exercising women(aerobic group) , aged 35∼45%. Aerobic exercising subjects were divided into 3 group; 2 to 3 months exercising group(Al), 4 to 10 months exercising group(AH), over 1 year exercising group(AIII) according to the periods of exercise. The serum lipid levels of aerobic exercising groups(AI, AII, AIIII) were compared with those of control group. The results statistically analyzed were summarized as follows : 1) The serum TG levels of aerobic groups decreased very significantly compared with those of control group(p< 0.001) and tended to be lower with the increase in aerobic periods. But there were no significant differences among aerobic groups by ANOVA. 2) The serum TC levels of aerobic groups decreased compared with those of control group and tended to be lower with the increase of aerobic periods. But there were no significant differences among groups. 3) Serum HDL-cholestrol level of A I group was elevated significantly compared with that of control group and significant difference was observed according to the aerobic periods : AR group exhibited higher serum HDL-cholesterol values than AH group, and AH group higher than A I group.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.675-686
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• 2005

It is known that appropriate exercise changes body composition and improves coronary artery disease. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationships between aerobic exercise, body composition, and the blood lipid levels in the middle-aged women(33 to 54 years old). The 57 subjects were divided into two groups based on their exercise: the aerobic exercise group(A group: 44) which performed at about $60\%$ of $VO_2max$ during over 6 months and the sedentary one(S group: 13). The percentages of body fat waist/hip ratio(WHR), body mass, and lean body mass of two groups were measured and compared in serum HDLC level and oxidized LDL level, the two most effective factors of coronary artery disease. The subjects in A group showed the lower percentages of body fat and WHR, when compared with the ones in S group. The body mass and lean body mass of A group subjects were higher than those of S group subjects. The serum HDL-C level$(58.6\pm12.7mg/mL)$ was significantly higher for A than S group subjects.(p<0.05) The sem ox-LDL level $(6.64\pm4.11Eu/mL)$ for A group subjects was lower than S group ones. The fat mass showed significantly positive correlations with atherogenic index(AI)(r=0.301, p<0.05), and with blood glucose levels(r=0.334, p<0.05). Also the WHR whowed significantly positive correlations with LDL-C levels(r=0.277, p<0.05), and with AI(r=0.466, p<0.01). In summary, the subjects in A group have the lower percentages of body fat and WHR, when compared with the ones in S group. Also, A group subject showed a tendency that exercise enhances serum HDL-C levels and decreases oxidized LDL levels. And aerobic exercise showed positive results which change body composition and improve blood lipid levels. There were significantly positive correlations among the percentages of body fat At and blood glucose level. These results suggest that moderately intensive exercise is a significant factor in reducing coronary artery disease.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.382-390
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of taekwon aerobic on obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged obese women. Method: Data were collected from 19 middle-aged obese women who participated in taekwon aerobic exercise. This research adopted one-group pretest-posttest design. Taekwon aerobic was applied 3 times in a week for 12 weeks, and the obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors were checked before and after the program. Body weight, BMI and % body fat for obesity indices were checked, and total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol for cardiovascular risk factors were measured. The data was analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS/win 10.0. Results: There were significant differences in body weight, BMI and % body fat after the taekwon aerobic exercise. There was a significant difference in total cholesterol. However, there were no significant differences in triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol after the taekwon aerobic exercise. Conclusion: This study showed that taekwon aerobic exercise decreased obesity indices and lowered total cholesterol in the cardiovascular risk factors. The results of this study show that taekwon aerobic exercise is effective in enhancing the health of middle-aged obese women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.125-141
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on body composition, cardiopulmonary function, serum lipid level and antioxidants of obese and normal college female students. The subject group was made up of 13 normal students (below 30% body fat ratio) and 12 obese students (above 30% body fat ratio). After a pretest, the subjects were given an 8-week aerobic program. Then the subjects were given a posttest and analyzed of body composition, serum lipid level, antioxidants and cardiopulmonary function after the 6th and the 8th week of the program. The program schedule was made up of 4 days per week, 60 minutes per day. Test includes B.W., subscapular and triceps subcutaneous fat thickness, change of respiratory gas, and two blood sampling before treadmill exercise and post all out state, which analyzed serum lipid and antioxidants. The subjects performed treadmill exercise starting with 4km/hr of walking and then gradually increase the speed of 1km/hr per minute until all out state. The obtained data were analyzed using SAS program. The statistical methods employed here were one-way ANOVA with repeated measure, Duncan Multiple range test, paired-t test and t-test. The test results and conclusion of this research were as follows. 1. The effects of aerobic exercise on body composition were as follows ; Percent body fat was significantly reduced 6 weeks after the program and lean body mass was significantly increased 8 weeks after the program in both groups(obese group: F=3.44 P=.044, normal group: F=3.30 P=.048). subscapular skinfold of the obese group showed a remarkable decrease after the 6th week(F=4.33 P=.021) triceps skinfold of the normal group showed a remarkable decrease after the 6th and the 8th week(F=4.55 P=.017) compared with readings before the aerobic program, the aerobic program made a bigger difference concerning body fat, lean body mass, subscapular skinfold in the obese group than in the normal group(t=2.41 P=.024, t=2.40 p=.025, t=2.43 p=.028). 2. The effects of aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary function were as follows ; Maximal $O_2$ uptake/kg was significantly increased 6 weeks after the program in the obese group(F=3.20 P=.054), but not much difference was observed in the normal group. Maximal pulse rate was significantly reduced in both groups after 6 weeks of the program(obese group: F=2.77 P=.087, normal group: F=7.17 P=.001). 3. The effects of aerobic exercise on serum lipid level were as follows ; In a resting period, total cholesterol, Triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were slightly higher in the obese group than in the normal group, but HDL-cholesterol was higher in the normal group. But, with the aerobic program, total-cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol were reduced gradually and HDL-choleterol got increased in both groups, but not much change was noticed in the normal group. However, in the obese group, serum HDL-cholesterol level got increased significantly(F=5.12 P=.012). 4. The effects of aerobic exercise in serum antioxidants were as follows ; In a resting period, the obese group's serum Free Radical and GSSG content were higher than the normal group's and the normal group's serum GSH content was higher than the obese group's. After 6 weeks of the aerobic program, Free Radical was reduced significantly in both groups(obese group: F=13.87 P=.000, normal group: F=18.60 P=.000) In the obese group, 8 weeks after the program, GSH was increased significantly(F=13.78, P=.000). In the normal group, 6 weeks after the program, GSH was reduced but increased again after 8 weeks(F=6.07 P=.005). Plasma GSSG was significantly increased after 8 weeks of exercise in both groups(obese group: F=19.75 P=.000, normal group: F=22.42 P=.000,) Compared with readings before the aerobic program, the aerobic program made a bigger difference serum GSH in the normal group than in the obese group(t=3.37 p=.003). As this result shows, it is known that the regular aerobic exercise improves cardiopulmonary function, body composition, serum lipid effectively and through the serum Free Radical reduction and antioxidant system activation, oxidant stress was suppressed. This effect was higher in the obese group than in the normal one. At least 6weeks exercise period need for improvement of body composition, cardiopulmonary function and activation of antioxidant system. This result suggest that improvement of serum lipid profile was needed longer than 8weeks exercise period.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 1999

Obesity is an excessive increased state of total body fat, and diabetes is a disease lack or defect of insulin which controls blood sugar. The reason of obesity and diabetes are history, lack of exercise, overeating, stress and so forth. The principle of dietary modification in the obesity and diabetes are controling total calorie control, and taking orderly meals, and restricting high calorie food. General exercise guidance will recommend to take precedence over the medical diagnosis, case history test before the exercise begins, and the beginning of exercise. It start with light excercise, and gradually enhance intensity The fundamental and effective cure of obesity and diabetes is aerobic exercise (as jogging, swimming, playing tennis, aerobic dancing). It is reasonable for exercise intensity to be 60~80$\%$ HRmax(50~70$\%$ $Vo_2$ max) and for the duration to be 15~60minutes a day and frequency to be 3~6 times a week. Especially the exercise intensity may be changeable according to the, pattern of diabetes. The snack that contains carbohydrate during exercise will discontinue the exercise when insulin activity is reached on high peak, and it is a proper way taking 15~20g's carbohydrate contained food against possibility of the low blood sugar occurance after exercise, At last, it is much effective the exercise therapy is combined with the diet therapy for best diabetes treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.638-651
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to review the literature and examine the effects on non-pharmacological depression intervention for middle-aged women in Korea. This systematic review analyzed the literature from 2006 to September, 2015. The existing literature was searched in the electronic databases in RISS, KISS and DBPia using the following key words: middle-aged women and depression, menopause and depression, climacterium and depression. Two hundred eighty studies were found through the database. According to PICOTS-SD, twelve studies were included for analysis. Among the twelve studies, four studies were conducted in the nursing field. Six studies were randomized controlled trials. Aerobic exercise, laughter therapy, meditation, aroma massage, counseling and art therapy were performed as non-pharmacological interventions for depression in Korean middle-aged women. The length of each session ranged from 20 to 120 minutes. The intervention period varied from 2 to 24 weeks, and the total number of the interventions ranged from 8 to 72 times. They influenced not only depression, but also physical aspects that are associated with obesity and psychosocial variables, such as anxiety, quality of life, life satisfaction, etc.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate diagnosis and treatment of acetabular labral tears in sports injuries. Materials and Methods: From March 1995 to January 2000, We treated 15 patients with acetabular labral tear by sports injuries. There were 6 men and 9 women. Mean age was 41 years old. Running injuries are 5 cases, fighting 3, aerobic exercise 3, swimming 2, climbing 1, bicycle 1. For conservative treatment, we performed medication and observation at least for 1 year. For the patients with arthroscopic surgery, we performed Harris Hip Score (pain and function) preoperatively and postoperatively at 6, 12 months, and evaluated patient’s pain by JOA pain scoring system and postoperative subjective satisfaction. Results: The mean score of HHS improved 15 points with conservative treatments and 32 points with hip arthroscopy. In 4 cases of conservative treatment, there was 1 scale improvement of JOA pain scoring system. In arthroscopic partial labrectomy, all cases were improved to more than 2 scale. Conclusion: We considered that acetabular labral tears occurred associated with sports injuries. So it is important to be interested in enthusiastic diagnosis and appropriate treatment for hip pain caused by sports injuries, especially about acetabular labral tears.