• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.894-903
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• 2006

Rapid technology growth of hardware have brought about development and expansion of various digital motion pictured information including 3-Dimension. 3D digital techniques can be used to be diversity in Animation, Virtual-Reality, Movie, Advertisement, Game and so on. 3D characters in digital motion picture take charge of the core as to communicate emotions and information to users through sounds, facial expression and characteristic motions. Concerns about 3D motion and facial expression is getting higher with extension of frequency in use and range about 3D character design. In this study, the facial expression can be used as a effective method about implicit emotions will be studied and research 3D character's facial expressions and muscles movement which are based on human anatomy and then try to find effective method of facial expression. Finally, also, study the difference and distinguishing between 2D and 3D character through the preceding study what I have researched before.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.9-15
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• 2013

In the VnR (Virtual and Real Worlds) of recent virtual reality convergence, the modelling of realistic human face is focused on the facial appearance such as the shape of facial parts and muscle movement. However, the facial changing parameters caused by environmental factors beyond the facial appearance factors can be regarded as important ones in terms of effectively representing virtual avatar. Therefore, this study evaluates user's visual feeling response according to the opacity variation of eye reflection of virtual avatar which is considered as a new parameter for reprenting realistic avatar. Experimental result showed that more clear eye reflection induced more realistic visual feeling of subjects. This result can be regarded as a basis for designing realistic virtual avatar by supporting a new visual realistic representing factor (eye reflection) and its degree of representation (reflectance ratio).

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2005

The study is to examine how facial EMG responses change when children experience a positive emotion(happiness) and a negative emotion(fear). It is to prove that the positive emotion(happiness) could be distinguishable from the negative emotion(fear) by the EMG responses. Audiovisual film clips were used for evoking the positive emotion(happiness) and the negative emotion(fear). 47 children (11-13 years old, 23 boys and 24 girls) participated in the study Facial EMG (right corrugator and orbicularis oris) was measured while children were experiencing the positive or negative emotion. Emotional assessment scale was used for measuring children's psychological responses. It showed more than $85\%$ appropriateness and 3.15, 4.04 effectiveness (5 scale) for happiness and fear, respectively. Facial EMG responses were significantly different between a resting state and a emotional state both in happiness and in fear (p<001). Result suggests that each emotion was distinguishable by corrugator and orbicularis oris responses. Specifically, corrugator was more activated in the positive emotion(happiness) than in the negative emotion(fear), whereas orbicularis oris was more activated in the negative emotion(fear) than in the positive emotion(fear).

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.391-398
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• 2013

Botulinum toxin has been used for treating strabismus, blepharospasm, cerebral palsy, cervical dystonia, hyperhydrosis, facial wrinkle and chronic migraine under US Food and Drug administration approval. Also it has been tried spasticity-induced pain, post-herpetic neuralgia, myofascial pain and aphthous ulcer as off-label use. In this study, we reviewed recent studies that suggested effects of botulinum toxin on snoring and sleep apnea.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2004

Backgrounds: Electrodiagnostic tests have been developed to estimate the degree of facial nerve injury during the acute phase. Side-to-side amplitude comparison with the affected side expressed as a percentage of the nonaffected side has been one of the most valuable electrophysiologic methods of assessing facial nerve functioning. This study was designed to know whether there is any difference in the side-to-side comparison of amplitudes and terminal latencies of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) of the facial muscles in the patients with Bell's palsy. Methods: Electroneurographic recordings with surface electrodes on the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, nasalis, and orbicularis oris muscles were made within 2 weeks post-onset (mean, day 7) in 39 patients. Results: Of the 39 Bell's palsy patients, 38 patients (97.4%) recovered satisfactorily within 6 months. The amplitude of CMAP in all patients was not reduced to 10% or less of that of the contralateral healthy muscle. The correlation of amplitude change between four facial muscles was relatively strong, but the correlation of latency change was weak. When the electroneurographic values were compared in the four muscle groups, the general linear models procedure did not show any significant difference for CMAP amplitude and latency changes (p=0.62-0.63). Conclusions: This study did not show any significant clinical advantage of electroneurographic recordings in more than one facial muscle at the early stage of Bell's palsy.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.620-623
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• 2012

The use of botulinum toxin type A in the lower face has increasingly popular. And treatment of the depressor anguli oris muscle(DAO) and the mentalis muscle(MT), particularly in combination with filler substances, produces a remarkable improvement in the lower aged face. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the topographical anatomy of the DAO, MT, and their related structures, thereby providing critical information for determining the safest and most effective site for BTX-A injections. The most effective injection sites of DAO and MT were suggested based on the new anatomical knowledge of the lower face.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.991-999
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• 2004

Face robots capable of expressing their emotional status, can be adopted as an efficient tool for friendly communication between the human and the machine. In this paper, we present a face robot actuated with artificial muscle based on dielectric elastomer. By exploiting the properties of polymers, it is possible to actuate the covering skin, eyes as well as provide human-like expressivity without employing complicated mechanisms. The robot is driven by seven types of actuator modules such as eye, eyebrow, eyelid, brow, cheek, jaw and neck module corresponding to movements of facial muscles. Although they are only part of the whole set of facial motions, our approach is sufficient to generate six fundamental facial expressions such as surprise, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and happiness. Each module communicates with the others via CAN communication protocol fur the desired emotional expressions, the facial motions are generated by combining the motions of each actuator module. A prototype of the robot has been developed and several experiments have been conducted to validate its feasibility.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.1029-1032
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• 1999

Muscle based face image synthesis is one of the most realistic approach to realize life-like agent in computer. Facial muscle model is composed of facial tissue elements and muscles. In this model, forces are calculated effecting facial tissue element by contraction of each muscle strength, so the combination of each muscle parameter decide a specific facial expression. Now each muscle parameter is decided on trial and error procedure comparing the sample photograph and generated image using our Muscle-Editor to generate a specific face image. In this paper, we propose the strategy of automatic estimation of facial muscle parameters from 2D marker movement using neural network. This also 3D motion estimation from 2D point or flow information in captered image under restriction of physics based face model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2017.01a
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• pp.199-200
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• 2017

소프라노는 여성 소프라노 중 가장 높은 음역 대의 목소리를 구사한다. 소프라노들은 고음을 유지하기 위해 턱 관절 과 얼굴근육이 경직되어 있어 입을 크게 벌리지 못한다. 발음 특성은 발성 시의 입의 크기에 가장 큰 영향을 받으며 좋은 발음 특성일수록 뚜렷한 포만트를 나타낸다. 본 논문에서는 소프라노 가수들의 발음 특성을 확인하기 위해 한국의 소프라노 성악가 A, B, C, D 4명을 선정하여 비교한 결과 소프라노 A의 스펙트럼에서 2kHz 이상에서 까지 뚜렷하고 균일한 포만트가 나타났다. 따라서 소프라노 A의 발음 특성이 가장 우수한 것을 확인할 수 있다.

• Health and Mission
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• s.20
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• pp.32-37
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• 2010

현재 대구가톨릭대학교 의무부총장인 채영희 요셉 신부가 가톨릭피부과의원 제3대 원장으로 취임하였을 때, 한센인을 위해 33년을 봉사 헌신하신 전임 엠마 프라이싱거 원장의 업적과 정신을 유지, 발전시키기 위하여, 나균으로 인해 말초신경의 감각손실과 손, 발, 얼굴 등의 근육위축으로 인해 일반병원에서는 편히 진료 볼 수 없는 한센환우들의 불편한 점을 개선하기 위해 칠곡가톨릭병원을 개원하게 되었다. 한센환우들을 위하여 칠곡가톨릭병원 모든 진료과목 의료진은 매주 금요일 외래진료를 제공하고 있으며, 입원환우는 필요시 수시로 진료를 해 드리고 있다. 이와 같이 칠곡가톨릭병원과 가톨릭피부과의원은 병원 설립목적 달성을 위해 관심과 배려를 기울이고 있다. 칠곡가톨릭병원과 가톨릭피부과의원은 지역민의 질병을 단순히 치료하는 것 뿐만 아니라 지역민의 건강유지 및 향상 그리고 지속적인 관리를 통하여 진정으로 지역민의 건강 증진에 도용이 되기 위하여 노력하고 있으며, 시랑과 봉사의 정신으로 지역민을 위한 병 의원으로 거듭나고 있다.