• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.56
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• pp.297-329
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• 2014

This paper aims to examine the base inflectional forms of Korean old vernacular letters, and explain why it appears with frequency. In the korean old vernacular letters, the suffix 'ha-' and ending of the 'Base+ha-' adjective derivation are not appear with extraordinary frequency. I called it the base inflectional forms. I consider it in function and morphological constructions and also the syntactic constructions. Whenever Joseon-era people wrote a letter with a time limit, they have need to diminish their exertion to use of the brush. Therefore the base inflectional forms appear with extraordinary frequency in comparison with other papers. In the 'X ha-' word formation of Korean old vernacular letters, 'ha-' is formal morpheme without substantial meaning. So 'X' is left and 'ha-' and ending can be omitted resolutely. The base inflectional forms are occurred to voluntary language performance for a particular intention. but it is not appear in all conditions. In some circumstances, it appear. I checked out the constructions on base inflectional forms. In the 'X ha-' word formation, 'X' is predicative base without fail. and the ending which take part in base inflectional forms has a grammatical function unadulteratedly.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.33
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• pp.413-435
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• 2008

This study is purposed to analyze the appearances and functions of ellipsis of case markers through the Hangul letters of Hyun-Poong Kwak's family in the early 17th century. Hangul letters appear more colloquial than typography, and ellipsis is the one of main features of it. Generally, 'ellipsis' occurs when a constituent of a sentence deliberately leaves out of a sentence, because it is repeated or can be deduced by the context or occasion. As Hangul letter is written for a specific person, 'ellipsis' occurs more often than typography written for unspecified individuals. The ellipsis of case markers are not an exception. The ellipsis has functions as follow. The first, function is 'brevity.' Communication can be more convenient by ellipsis. Next will be 'informality.' Informality caused by ellipsis can make people express their thoughts and feelings fluently and naturally. It is the reason that spoken language has more frequently occurred ellipses than written language. The third function is 'quickness.' The same information can be delivered more quickly by the sentence using ellipsis than not using. In the 21st Century, ellipsis is misused in netizen communication owing to the quickness. The last function should be 'the effect of a literary style.' The effects can embody through ellipsis such as 'rhythm effect', 'letter style effect', 'translation style effect.' As a result of analyzing ellipsis of case markers, frequency follows the order below.[subjective objective > Locative > Dative > Commutative > Instrumental]

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

Samples of striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius Pallas, from eight localities in s southwestern islands and coasts in Korea were collected and analyzed together with samples from the mainland and Jeju island. In chromosomal analyses no variation was revealed in karyotypes among samples from Korea. In morphometric analyses samples from Wan and Bogil islands formed a large-size g group (A. agrarius chejuensis) with those from Jeju island, whereas samples from Jin and H Hajo islands formed a small-size group (A. agrarius coreae) with those from the mainland including southwestern coasts It is supposed that small-size population of striped field mice in Wan and Bogil islands w were extinct and replaced by large-szie population of striped field mice immigrated from Jeju island by humans.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.69
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• pp.419-450
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• 2017

This study aims to discover the clue of the current modern postal system development by looking at the delivery patterns of Korean letters during the Joseon Dynasty. A letter is a text medium that the sender sends to a recipient by sending a message of news. The form and contents of the letter are influenced by the various surrounding factors and are adapted to circumstances. The study aims to clear up the method of delivery and the nature of the transmitter among the environmental factors which affects the format and contents of Korean letters. Depending on the public or private matters, the delivery method is divided into a public agency and a private messenger, or divided into one-phase delivery and the multi-phase delivery depending on whether or not a phase is divided into stages. It is also divided into a one-way and a round-transmission depending on whether or not it is round-switched. The transmitter is divided into a verbal communication, the letter and verbal communication, and the letter communication according to whether or not it is by verbal, and divided into the relational and the non-relational person according to the relationship with the sender. Also depending on whether the transmitter is exclusive or not, it is divided into the exclusive messenger and the messenger who deliver a letter incidentally while come and go. In the aspect of the delivery method, We can see the possibility of developing to a modern mail system through the public method, the multi-phase delivery, one-way delivery and in the aspect of the transmitter, we can see the possibility through the letter delivery, non-related transmitter, and the exclusive messenger.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.37
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• pp.279-306
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• 2009

This study is purposed to observe conventional expression of Hangul Ganchal. The conventional expression of Hangeul Ganchal had set a pattern from 16th century to 17the century after establishing its regular form. It is mainly found in the introduction and the conclusion of the letters. Especially, they are concretely shown at an address form and greeting in the former, a farewell and the close in the latter. Generally, a native tongue was often used in address form at Suncheon Kim's Eongan in 16th century and Hyun-Poong Kwak's Eongan in 17th century. However, a Chinese character was commonly found in the introduction at Jingbo-Eongan-Dok in 19th century. Specifically, in case of response, the conventional expression of 'read your letter' was added in greeting part. In Suneon of 16th century, this type was gradually established to the form, and in Hyuneon of 17th century, a native tongue set a pattern. However, Jingeon of 19th century, a Chinese character was mainly used instead of a native tongue. The changing form of farewell and the close showed similar pattern as the aspect of greeting form. They seemed to be more simple and repetitive in Hyuneon compared with the form of Suneon. Furthermore, a Chinese character was dominated in the conclusion of letters in Jingeon. Consequently, the paper examined the two types of letter between Hangul letters and Chinese character letters were strongly associated with each other. It is expected that more details research will be coped with next study.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.49
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• pp.431-459
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• 2012

The purpose of this article is to compare and analyze the conventional expression of Hangul Ganchal in Cheosun Dynasty and Email. Conventional expression is used remarkably in introductions and conclusions. In introduction, it is used for addressing and safety greetings while in conclusion, it is used for closing address and closing words. In Cheosun Dynasty, an envelope of Ganchal only included the details of the receiver because the letter was genuinely delivered by someone who knew the receiver and the sender very well. An envelope of Ganchal is applicable to the screen of the internet which is used for emailing. In an email, we see the name of the sender and the title of the text and once we click the title, we are able to view the text. The difference between the Ganchal and the email was reflected on how the receiver's detail showed on Ganchal and the email show the sender's details. In a case of addressing in a letter while using the conventional expression, we can see how we use "To~" in humble term and " ~께" in a honorific term. We confirmed that the conventional expression has not yet settled in both of the Gnachal and email for the seasonal greetings. The safety greetings comprised with both of the senders' and receivers' latest updates. In Ganchal, this composition is well described conventionally, whereas in emails, only the receivers' latest news are written but the senders' latest updates are hard to be seen throughout the text. In Ganchal's closing section, the closing address and closing words were expressed conventionally. However, in the case of email; those were again hard to be found throughout. To conclude, in Ganchal the conventional expression was developed and placed in 16thcentury(Sun-eon) when there was a focus in our native language. In 17thcentury(Hyeon-eon), it stood still for a sometime and moved on to 19thcentury(Jing-eon) when there was a strong in fluence of Hangul Ganchal, which resulted in regression to the conservative expression. In general, we are able to confirm that the conventional expression is slowly disappearing.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.57
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• pp.467-505
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• 2014

I am working on a series of Korean linguistic studies targeting Ganchal(old typed letters in Korea) for many years and this study is for the typology of the [Safety Expression] as the part. For this purpose, [Safety Expression] were divided into a formal types and semantic types, targeting the Chinese Ganchal and Hangul Ganchal of modern Korean Language time(16th century-19th century). Formal types can be divided based on whether Normal position or not, whether Omission or not, whether the Sending letter or not, whether the relationship of the high and the low or not. Normal position form and completion were made the first type which reveal well the typicality of the [Safety Expression]. Original position while [Own Safety] omitted as the second type, while Original position while [Opposite Safety] omitted as the third type, Original position while [Safety Expression] omitted as the fourth type. Inversion type were made as the fifth type which is the most severe solecism in [Safety Expression]. The first type is refers to Original position type that [Opposite Safety] precede the [Own Safety] and the completion type that is full of semantic element. This type can be referred to most typical and normative in that it equipped all components of [Safety Expression]. A second type is that [Safety Expression] is composed of only the [Opposite Safety]. This type is inferior to the first type in terms of set pattern, it is never outdone when it comes to the appearance frequency. Because asking [Opposite Safety] faithfully, omitting [Own Safety] dose not greatly deviate politeness and easy to write Ganchal, it is utilized. The third type is the Original position type showing the configuration of the [Opposite Safety]+Own Safety], but [Opposite Safety] is omitted. The fourth type is a Original position type showing configuration of the [Opposite Safety+Own Safety], but [Safety Expression] is omitted. This type is divided into A ; [Safety Expression] is entirely omitted and B ; such as 'saving trouble', the conventional expression, replace [Safety Expression]. The fifth type is inversion type that shown to structure of the [Own Safety+Opposite Safety], unlike the Original position type. This type is the most severe solecism type and real example is very rare. It is because let leading [Own Safety] and ask later [Opposite Safety] for face save is offend against common decency. In addition, it can be divided into the direct type that [Opposite Safety] and [Own Safety] is directly connected and indirect type that separate into the [story]. The semantic types of [Safety Expression] can be classified based on whether Sending letter or not, fast or slow, whether intimate or not, and isolation or not. For Sending letter, [Safety Expression] consists [Opposite Safety(Climate+Inquiry after health+Mental state)+Own safety(status+Inquiry after health+Mental state)]. At [Opposite safety], [Climate] could be subdivided as [Season] information and [Climate(weather)] information. Also, [Mental state] is divided as receiver's [Family Safety Mental state] and [Individual Safety Mental state]. In [Own Safety], [Status] is divided as receiver's traditional situation; [Recent condition] and receiver's ongoing situation; [Present condition]. [Inquiry after health] is also subdivided as receiver's [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety], [Safety] is as [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety]. Likewise, [Inquiry after health] or [Safety] is usually used as pairs, in dimension of [Family] and [Individual]. This phenomenon seems to have occurred from a big family system, which is defined as taking care of one's parents or grand parents. As for the Written Reply, [Safety Expression] consists [Opposite Safety (Reception+Inquiry after health+Mental state)+Own safety(status+Inquiry after health+Mental state)], and only in [Opposite safety], a difference in semantic structure happens with Sending letter. In [Opposite Safety], [Reception] is divided as [Letter] which is Ganchal that is directly received and [Message], which is news that is received indirectly from people. [Safety] is as [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety], [Mental state] also as [Family Safety Mental state] and [Individual Safety Mental state].