• Language and Information
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.39-55
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• 2001

This paper investigates the idiosyncratic understanding of universal quantifiers such as every, each or all by young children at the ages of 4 to 7, and argues that the phenomenon is explicable in terms of the maturation of both the cognitive system and the linguistic system. Evidence for this dual explanation comes from the fact that the visual input, a picture, plays a key role in determining the children's conceptual representation, suggesting the need for the central integration of visual and linguistic elements; and from the fact that a quantifier in the linguistic input has an intrinsic property, i.e. a <+focus> feature. I have tried to explain the nature of the cognitive factors in terms of the function of the central system, suggesting a modified form of Smith & Tsimpli's (1995) yersion of Fodor's (1983) modularity hypothesis. The categorial status of the quantifier in the children's interpretation is considered, focusing on the movement of that quantifier out of its own extended projection to FP. It is claimed that children initially treat quantifiers as modifiers, rather than functional heads, and that the phenomenon of quantifier spreading by children can be attributed to delay in the development of the relevant functional category, i.e., DP (or QP), in language acquisition.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.7
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• pp.43-60
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• 2003

오늘날 기계번역 Maschinelle Ubersetzung은 가속적인 발전선상에 놓여있다. 지난 10년 간 컴퓨터로 영어를 타국어로 번역하는 수준은 괄목할 만하다. 본 논문은 기계번역에 있어서 주제어 Topik 및 초점어 Fokus를 중심으로 발생하는 언어학적인 문제점, 특히 의미론적인 문제점을 다루었다 이를 위해 먼저 주제어와 초점어에 대한 언어학적인 개념을 다루어 보았다. 주제어란 한 문장에서 이미 알려진 사항, 즉 이미 주어진 단어이고, 초점어는 한 문장에서 새로운 사항, 즉 지금 전달하고자 하는 내용을 뜻한다 제 3장에서는 주제어와 초점어를 번역하기 위해 생성된 규칙들에 근거한 담화모델 Diskursmodell을 살펴보았다. 제 4장에서는 문장을 번역하는데 있어서 의미론상 발생하는 문제점들을 다루었다 그 문제점들은 다음과 같은 3가지로 요약될 수 있다: 첫째, 문장에서 부정형이 어디에 위치하느냐에 따라 문장의 의미가 달라진다. 둘째, 양화사 Quantor의 형태에 따라 문장의 의미가 달라진다. 셋째, 의문문과 화답문 Antwortsatz에 있어서 어느 내용을 강조하느냐에 따라 문장의 의미가 달라진다. 예를 들어 독일어는 단순히 단어의 위치만 변화시킬 수 있지만 다른 유럽어나 영어는 다른 방법들이 필요한 셈이다. 본 논문에서 제시되고 있는 기계번역의 규칙들은 주제어와 초점어에 관계되는 한 영어와 독일어에 한정되어 제시되었지만, 향후 한국어와 독일어의 기계번역을 위해 밑거름이 되리라 생각한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.237-257
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• 2001

This paper investigates the idiosyncratic understanding of universal quantifiers such as every, each or all by young children at the ages of 4 to 7, and argues that the phenomenon is explicable in terms of the maturation of both the cognitive system and the linguistic system. Evidence for this dual explanation comes from the fact that the visual input, a picture, plays a key role in determining the children’s conceptual representation, suggesting the need for the central integration of visual and linguistic elements; and from the fact that a quantifier in the linguistic input has an intrinsic property, i.e. a <+focus> feature. I have tried to explain the nature of the cognitive factors in terms of the function of the central system, suggesting a modified form of Smith & Tsimpli’s (1995) version of Fodor’s (1983) modularity hypothesis. Conceptual representations of two kinds are in competition with each other and they are integrated into a neutral LOT (Language of Thought) representation at some point . In the process of this integration, the representations from the visual input predominate over those from the auditory input, though the quantize. (treated as new information provided by the latter) is salient in the final representations. When visual conceptual representations predominate over purely linguistic ones, quantifier spreading errors occur. By contrast, when the relevant grammatical knowledge has developed sufficiently to counteract the conceptual representations, this peculiar behaviour by children should disappear. It is argued that children have to learn two kinds of grammatical fact with regard to universal quantification: (i) they have to learn the status of the quantifier as a functional head of DP so that it has to be positioned inside DP; and (ii) they have to learn the Left-Branch Condition which specifies that movement of an element in the left-branch position is possible only by pied-piping the entire phrase.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.300-309
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• 1995

언어표현에 대한 해석은 그 구성요소들의 통사적-어휘적 구조에 덧붙여 대명사의 동일지시를 살펴야 할 필요가 있다. 조응의 분석과 조응적 선행사를 찾기 위한 효과적인 방법을 발견하는 것이 컴퓨터 언어학(computational linguistics), 특히 자연언어 이해체계(Natural Language understanding system)에 관한 연구의 중심적인 문제라고 할 수 있다. 이 논문의 목적은 영어 조응표현을 개념구조 이론(Conceptual Structure Theory)의 개념도식(conceptual graph)에 의하여 기술함으로써 단문에서뿐만 아니라 복문, 양화구문, 그리고 담화에 이르기까지 언어 전반에 걸쳐 나타나는 동일지시성(coreferenciality)을 간단하고 일관성 있게 설명하는 것이다. 이러한 조응현상을 설명하기 위하여 필자는 개념도식상의 개념을 중심개념, 직접개념, 간접개념으로 구분하고 이들이 문맥깊이 등과 더불어 동일지시성을 설명하는데 중심적 역할을 함을 보이고자 한다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.65-76
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• 2016

특정 제조사의 단말 또는 운영체제에 의존성이 없는 플랫폼 독립적인 웹은 높은 이식성, 소프트웨어의 재활용, 개발 생산성, 풍부한 개발자 존재, 유지 보수 면에서 장점을 가지나, 화려한 UI/UX를 제공하는 네이티브 응용에 비해 낮은 성능으로 웹 기반의 응용 개발 및 보급이 크게 활성화되지 못했다. 한편 데스크톱은 물론 모바일 단말의 멀티코어 기반 Graphic Processing Unit(GPU), CPU 탑재 등 HW 고사양화와 웹 응용에서도 HW 가속 기능을 활용할 수 있는 표준 제공으로 성능 제약을 극복할 수 있게 되었다. 본고에서는 GPU 발전동향을 살펴보고, 고속 렌더링 및 병렬 연산처리를 요구하는 웹 응용이 GPU기반 HW 가속 기능을 활용할 수 있는 크로노스 그룹의 그래픽 가속(Web Graphics Library: WebGL) 및 컴퓨팅(Web Computing Language: WebCL) 지원 표준 규격을 정리한다. 또한, 최근 차세대 GPU Application Programming Interface(API)로 발표된 Vulkan에 대해 알아보고, 웹 고속화 기술에 적용 가능성에 대해 전망한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.114-120
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• 2000

본고는 일본어 극어 dare-mo/-demo의 의미를 밝히고 나아가 그 허용맥락을 제시하는 것에 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 본고는 dare-mo/-demo의 의미가 다음 네 가지 요인에 의해 결정된다고 주장한다: 첫째는 변항적 성격의 비한정사 dare이고 둘째는 고저강세 유형, 셋째는 가능성의 척도(Likelyhood Scale)에 기반한 -mo/demo의 의미, 마지막으로는 이러한 척도를 형성시켜주는 맥락(context)이다. 이 네 가지 요인이 상호 작용하여, daRE-MO/DAre-mo/daRE-DEMO/DAre-demo 각각의 의미를 만들어 낸다. 또한 본고는 dare-mo/-demo의 분포를 통해 드러나는 극어들 사이의 의미 차이를 척도(scale)상의 양(quantity)과 질(quality)이라는 측면에서 제시하였다. 즉 -mo 결합형의 경우 양에 민감한 가능성의 척도가 고려되는 것에 비해, -demo 결합형에서는 양뿐 아니라 질에도 민감한 척도가 고려된다. 그 결과 -demo 결합형들은, 양적 측면과 연관하여 조건/명령/외연적 맥락 등에서 존재 양화의 의미로 해석될 수 있다. 또한 질적인 면에서 하한가(lower bound)까지 허용하는 강한 양보의 의미(derogative sense)를 갖는다는 점에서 특징적이다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2018

In this study, we analyzed the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate dependant on the column depths using various absorbents such as zeolite silica sand, and activated carbon through the column test. In addition, we analyzed electrochemical adsorption behaviors of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate through the quantum mechanical calculation based on density functional theory calculation. Experimental results represent the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate are zeolite > activated carbon > silica sand, and activated carbon > zeolite > silica sand, respectively. Zeolite shows high adsorption property for ammonia nitrogen over 90%, regardless of the column depth, while activated carbon exhibits high adsorption property for both ammonia nitrogen and phosphate as the column depth for filter media increases. Theoretical findings using DFT calculation for the adsorption behaviors of adsorbents (activated carbon and silica sand) and nutrients ($PO_4{^{3-}}$, $NH_4{^{+}}$) show that activated carbon represented narrower HOMO-LUMO band gap with high adsorption energy, and even more favorable environment for electron adsorption than silica sand, which leads to the effective removal of nutrients.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3 s.95
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• pp.141-152
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• 2001

Abundance of autotrophic picoplankton (APP) and their contribution to phytoplankton biomass were assessed in seven brackish lagoons and five freshwater reservoirs in the summer season. Phycocyanin-rich picocyanobacteria dominated APP in lagoons, while phycoerythrin-rich picocyanobacteria dominated APP in freshwater reservoirs. The cell density of APP ranged from $3.6{\times}10^3$ to $5.0{\times}10^6\;cells/ml$ (median $2.5{\times}10^5$) in brackish lagoons and from $3.8{\times}10^4$ to $3.6{\times}10^5\;cells/ml$ (mdian $1.3{\times}10^5$) in reservoirs. Carbon biomass ranged from 1.0 to $1,385.0\;{\mu}gC/L$ in lagoons and from 15.3 to $128.2\;{\mu}gC/L$ in reservoirs. APP cell density in Lake Kyungpo was over $10^6\;cells/ml$in all three surveys, which is one of the highest values recorded in all over the world. During the thermal stratification in Lake Soyang, the maximum abundance of APP and their maximum contribution to phytoplankton biomass were observed near the thermocline. This study showed that APP sometimes can contribute significantly to phytoplankton biomass both in lagoons and reservoirs with the range from 0.1 to 85.0%. APP which have been overlooked in the past studies appears to be important primary producers in Korean lake ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-86
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• 2019

If 1st order ZFC is consistent(has a model($M_1$)) it has a transitive denumerable model($M_2$). This leads to a paradoxical situation called 'Skolem paradox'. This can be easily resolved by Skolem's typical resolution. but In the process, we must accept the model theoretic relativity for the concept of set. This relativity can generate a situation where the meaning of the set concept, for example, is given differently depending on the two models. The problem is next. because the sentence '¬denu(PN)' which indicate that PN is not denumerable is equally true in two models, A indistinguishability problem that the concept <¬denu> is not formally indistinguishable in ZFC arise. First, I will give a detail analysis of what the nature of this problem is. And I will provide three ways of responding to this problem from the standpoint of supporting ZFC. First, I will argue that <¬denu> concept, which can be relative to the different models, can be 'almost' distinguished in ZFC by using the formalization of model theory in ZFC. Second, I will show that <¬denu> can change its meaning intrinsically or naturally, by its contextual dependency from the semantic considerations about quantifier that plays a key role in the relativity of <¬denu>. Thus, I will show the model-relative meaning change of <¬denu> concept is a natural phenomenon external to the language, not a matter of responsible for ZFC.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 1995

To determine the autochthonous COD caused by the production of phytoplankton, three different methods were used simultaneously utilizing several environmental factors and applied to the Nakdong Estuary. From the estimation of the tropic state index, tropic level in the Nakdong Estuary was found to be in excess of eutrophication level at all area studied. The percentage of autochthonous COD in total COD was largest in summer and in station No. 6 $(43.5\%)$. Using of the relationship between COD and salinity was not appropriate tov the evaluation of the autochthonous COD due to discrepancy with other tesulfs evaluated. However, the evaluations of autochthonous COD obtained from the $\DeltaCOO$ and the relationship between COD and chl.a were found to be proper methods, resulting in a relative error less than $20\%$ for all of the area investigated.