• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.345-360
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• 2000

I In the rearch of the principle of herb classification based on constitution I have recognised Lee Jae Ma(李濟馬)'s medical thought on the herb. He had believed that herb must be used when needed, also had opposed taking overdose of medicine. And he had prescribed to a patient based on constitution. The results were summerized as follow; 1. In the classification of herb according to constitution, Although Gimilon(氣味論) that empasized in the herbal medicine have had reference value but cannot be absolute classific standard. The medicinal portion of herb was not significant. And through research the past prescription that were qouted by Lee Jae Ma cannot find a meaningful result. 2. Lee Jae Ma denied the tradtional GuiKyung(歸經) theory, and classified into Iung(肺), spleen(脾), liver(肝), kidney(腎). And when he gave medical teatment, he has used the methods of the supplement to weakned organ. 3. On the principle of herb classification based on constitution, Lee Jae Ma had presented general rule that are fragrance(馨), odor(臭), liquid(液), taste(味). Although it had suitable tendency but cannot complitely coinside with the actual. Therefore I interpreted fragrance(馨), odor(臭), liquid(液), taste(味) into the symbol that represent the chief effect. On these conception it's necessary more study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1126-1134
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• 2006

Human fungal infections are uncommon in normally healthy persons, being confined to conditions such as candidiasis (thrush) and dermatophyte skin infections such as athlete's foot. However, in the immunocompromised host, a variety of normally mild or nonpathogenic fungi can cause potentially fatal infections. Furthermore, the relativeease with which people can now visit 'exotic' countries provides the means for unusual fungal infections to be imported into this country. Mycoses appear in many different forms and areas. Fungal infections or mycoses are classified depending on the degree of tissue involvement and mode of entry into the host. These are Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, Systemic, and Opportunistic. Cutaneous mycoses specially appears symptoms on the skin. They are treated by amphotericinB, nystatin, grycelfulvin, micronazole and ketaconazole, etc, but these medicines are been careful about using, because most of them have serious side effects and toxicities. So, on the purpose of finding safe novel medicines, we have researched oriental medicines and search them to treat mycoses. In oriental medicines treating mycoses, we pay attention to orient applications that directly have an effect on disorder lesions. Oriental applications consists of various herbs and have a lot of forms, so we try to classify them as herbs and forms

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2009

Purpose : To evaluate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of non-surgically treated tuberculous spondylitis and to evaluate the relationships between these features and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods : Data from ten patients (male:female=6:4, mean age=45 years) with clinically proven tuberculous spondylitis who were treated nonsurgically over three months were analyzed retrospectively from 2000 to 2007. MRI was performed at least three times for each patient, at baseline, every three or six months, and at the end of treatment. All images were analyzed by two radiologists. Results : The mean follow-up period for the MR examination was 10.1 months (range, 4-17 months). Six patients had clinically complete resolution of tuberculous spondylitis with medication treatment only. Four patients were treated with surgical management alongside medication. All ten patients were divided into two groups by clinical outcome; six patients with complete treatment and four patients with incomplete treatment. In the complete treatment group, follow-up MR findings showed a loss of subligamentous spread of abscesses, decreased size of abscesses, no interval changes in vertebral body heights, and fatty changes in spinal lesions. MR findings in the incomplete treatment group showed bone marrow edema extension to adjacent vertebra, extension of the abscesses, and decreased height of the vertebral bodies. Conclusion : During the nonsurgical management of tuberculous spondylitis, MR imaging may play a role in predicting patient response to antituberculous drug treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.163-174
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bisphosphonate and indomethacin, blockers of bone resorption with different mechanisms, on alveolar bone remodeling. Male rats were divided into control, bisphosphonate and indomethacin groups, and then each group was divided info an experimental side and a control side according to the force application. Bisphosphonate(6.3mg/kg,$2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$) and indomethacin (9mg/kg, $2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$) were injected 6 hours and 1 hour before or 24 hours after the force application. The rats were killed 72 hours after the force application and histologic examination was perfomed. The values of serum acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also measured in the control md experimental groups treated with bisphosphonate or indomethacin 1 hour before the force application. In the experimental side, the least number of osteoclasts was noted in the groups treated 1 hour before the force application with indomethacin or bisphosphonate, while there were no differences between the control and the groups treated with drugs 6 hours before or 24 hours after the force application. In the control side, the number of osteoclasts was not inecreased with no differences among the groups. Histologic examination revealed a severe alveolar bone resorption in the control group and the groups treated with indomethacin 6 hours before or 24 hours after the force application. Indomethacin treatment 1 hour before the force application and bisphosphonate treatment at any time significantly attenuated the bone resorption. Electron microscopically, ruffled border and clear zone of osteoclasts were observed in the control and indomethacin groups, while some osteoclasts were detached from the bone surface and exhibited dull cellular projections in the bisphosphonate groups. The bisphosphonate and indomethacin groups showed lower values of acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase than the control group. The acid phosphatase value in the bisphosphonate group was lower than that in the indomethacin group, whereas there was no difference in the lactate dehydrogenase value between the groups. These results suggest that bisphosphonate reduces the activity of osteoclasts as well as the number of osteoclasts and that indomethacin reduces the number of osteoclasts without affecting the activity of osteoclasts. Bisphosphonate has a larger inhibitory effect on bone resorption md thus less limitation in the application time than indomethacin.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of steroid injection for treatment of simple bone cyst in adults. Materials and Methods: 11 patients who were able to be followed up from February 1998 to February 2003. These lesions were attained by needle aspiration or trepanation and 80 mg to 200 mg of Depo-medrol (methylprednisolone acetate, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Korea) was injected. The follow-up roentgenograms were done every 2 weeks, and if there were no evidence of recovery, re-injection was done 8 weeks later. Injection has done maximally 5 times, and we evaluated the result with modified Neer, Pentimalli, Scaglietti and Sandra classification. Results: There were no cases in which one Injection was enough for full recovery, and 3 cases after 2 injections, 3 cases after 3 injections, 2 case after 5 injections had good result. but 2 cases after more than 5 injections did not show improvements and are currently under observation. One case showed a increase in size of the bone cyst after 2 injections of steroid and underwent curettage and autogenous bone graft. Overall outcomes by Pentimalli classification were good in One case, fair in 7 cases and poor in 3 cases at final follow-up. Conclusion: Local injection of steroids is effective method in adults and can be considered as a first line treatment modality.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2017

In the modern society, psychological diseases and impulsive crimes due to stress are occurring. In order to reduce the stress, the existing treatment methods consisted of continuous visit counseling to determine the psychological state and prescribe medication or psychotherapy. Although this face-to-face counseling method is effective, it takes much time to determine the state of the patient, and there is a problem of treatment efficiency that is difficult to be continuously managed depending on the individual situation. In this paper, we propose an artificial intelligence emotion management system that emotions of user monitor in real time and induced to a table state. The system measures multiple bio-signals based on the PPG and the GSR sensors, preprocesses the data into appropriate data types, and classifies four typical emotional states such as pleasure, relax, sadness, and horror through the SVM algorithm. We verify that the emotion of the user is guided to a stable state by providing a real-time emotion management service when the classification result is judged to be a negative state such as sadness or fear through experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.74-89
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• 1995

Selective mutism is a childhood condition defined by persisten failure to speak in specific social situation when speaking is expected, dispite preserved ability to comprehend spoken language and speak. Present study is to investigate clinical characteristics, treatment method and outcome of 23 children who were diagnosed as selective mutism by DSM-IV criteria at the child psychiatry ouptatient department of SNUH. The results were as follows : 1) The Sex ratio was 1: 4.8, female dominant Mear age of onset was 33 years old and mean age of first referral was 7.7 years old. 2) 22% of subjects had perinatal problem such as low birth weight, preterm birth, 26% of the subjects have history of delayed language development. There are subjects who had been separated with mam caretaker before 3 years old(26%) and who experienced physical or psychological trauma before 3 years old(26%). A few subjects had enurests(30%) and encoprests(4%). 3) Many subjects(65%) had symbiotic relationship with their mother. These families consist of dominant, verbally aggressive mother and passive father. Parents of 39% of all subjects were judged to have definite psychopathology(social phobic, depression, hysterical trait or alcohol problem) 26% of all subject, were reported physically abused. 4) The personality trait of the subjects were frequently described as follows(in order of frequency) ; Shy(100%), anxious(83%), stubborn(83%)m rigid and tense posture(78%), immature(65%) overdependent(65%), irritable(52%), manipulative(39%), depressive(39%). 5) The mean performance IQ of 16 subjects by KEDI-WISC was 88.3 Among them, the subjects with IQ below 69 were seven and those with IQ above 70 were nine. When comparing these two group(Mental retardation group vs Normal IQ group), we could find some difference in language development, personality trait, family dynamics and treatment outcome. 6) Among several treatment methods for selective mutism, play therapy was the most frequently used method(65%). Other commonly used treatment methods were pharmacotherapy(21%), behavioral therapy(8%), combined therapy(play therapy+pharmacotherapy+family therapy+behavioral therapy)(12%), 7) Regarding the outcome of treatment 8.6% was evaluated as Excellent, 30.4% as Good, 52% as Fair, 8.7% as Poor at the tinic of treatment. At follow up interview 21.7% was evaluated Excellent, 13% as Good, 21.7% as Fair, 34.8% as Poor. 8) We classified all subjects by Havden's 4 subtype. Symbiotic mutism was most common(65%) and other subtypes are Speech phobic mutism(8.6), Reactive mutism(13%) and Passive-aggressive mutism(30%).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of a daily dose of 300 mg of ASU taken for more than 3 months on the subjects diagnosed as osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint by RDC/TMD. Total 68 outpatients(15-54y) of female except menopause in Orofacial Pain Clinics of the Pusan National University Hospital were randomly assigned to either an ASU group(n=36) or a placebo group(n=32). The pain, noise and limited mouth opening(LOM) were evaluated by numerical analogue scale(NAS, range 0-10) and maximum comfortable opening(MCO) were measured by milimeter scale. The difference of simple uptake rate(SUR) on bone scan, hot spot(HS) on coronal SPECT, condylar bony changes on CT between the ASU and placebo groups were compared to investigate the objective effect. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Comparison of the NAS of pain, noise, LOM and MCO before treatment and 3, 6 and 9 months after treatment showed no significant difference between the ASU and placebo groups. 2. Comparison of the NAS of pain, noise, LOM and MCO before treatment and 3, 6 and 9 months after treatment showed no significant difference between the ASU and placebo groups without splint treatment, but showed more increased MCO in the ASU group than the placebo group with splint treatment at 6, 9 months after treatment. 3. Comparison of the NAS of pain before treatment and 3, 6 and 9 months after treatment that the NAS of pain at first visit divided into two groups(above or below 6) showed more decreased the NAS of pain in the ASU group than the placebo group that the NAS of pain at first visit was above 6. 4. Comparison of the NAS of pain, noise, LOM and MCO during 6 months period showed improvement of clinical symptoms within group, but no significant difference between subjects. 5. The simple uptake ratio(SUR) on bone scan and hot spot(HS) on coronal SPECT showed more increased SUR and HS in affected side than non-affected side of the ASU and placebo groups. 6. Comparing of condylar bony changes, osseous remodeling were observed highest, osteophyte lowest in the affected and non-affected side of the two groups. After treatment, comparison of condylar bony changes were observed more decreased erosive features in the ASU group than the placebo group.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2020

Objectives : The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) for mood symptoms, pain, and somatic symptoms in elderly depression patients with pain and somatic symptoms. Methods : This study is a prospective open-label study conducted by a single institution. A total of 43 subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder under the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria participated in this study (average age: 72.53, 58.1% women). The subjects were classified as SSRI and SNRI groups. Depressive symptoms, pain, and somatic symptoms were evaluated by Korean version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS), visual analogue scale (VAS) and Patient Health Questionnare-15 (PHQ-15) respectively at baseline and six weeks later. Two-way repeated-measure ANOVA was performed to analyze changes in the KHDRS, VAS, and PHQ-15 scores. Results : In the SSRI and SNRI groups, K-HDRS, VAS, and PHQ-15 all showed significant improvement after 6 weeks compared to each baseline values. There were no differences in therapeutic effect between the two groups. Conclusions : We found that SSRI and SNRI both improved somatic symptoms and pain in elderly depression patients. The results of this study are thought to help select antidepressants when administering medication to elderly depression patients who complain pain and somatic symptoms. Further research is needed on the longterm effects of the SSRI and SNRI.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2015

Objectives: The pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS) has not been fully elucidated. Oxidative stress might play a role in the development of RLS and other antipsychotic-induced side effects such as tardive dyskinesia. In the present study, we investigated whether the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms are associated with antipsychotic-induced RLS in schizophrenia. Methods: We assessed antipsychotic-induced RLS symptoms in 190 Korean schizophrenic patients using the diagnostic criteria of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. The GST-M1, GST-T1 and GST-P1 loci were analyzed using PCR-based methods. Results: We divided the subjects into 2 groups: those with RLS symptoms (n = 96) and those without RLS symptoms (n = 94). There were no significant differences in the distributions of the GST-M1 genotypes (${\chi}^2=3.56$, p = 0.059), GST-T1 (${\chi}^2=0.51$, p = 0.476) and GST-P1 (${\chi}^2=0.57$, p = 0.821) between the 2 groups. Comparison of the RLS score among genotypes of the GST-M1 (t = -1.54, p = 0.125), GST-T1 (t = -0.02, p = 0.985) and GST-P1 (F = 0.58, p = 0.560) revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: These data suggest that GST gene polymorphisms do not confer increased susceptibility to RLS symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the possible influences of other candidate genes involved in the reactive oxygen species system.