• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-25
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• 1991

타액의 유동학적 성질은 타액의 윤활작용 및 구강내 경조직, 연조직 보호작용에 영향을 미친다. 그러므로 타액의 유동성을 잘 이해하면, 구강내 기능적 불편감의 평가와 인공타액의 개발에 필요한 중요한 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 저자는 전단율 변화에 따른 타액점도 변화의 연령 및 성별에 따른 차이를 알고자, 각 연령층별로 구강건조증으로 고통받은 병력이 없으며 타액채취시 약물을 복용하고 있지 않은 남녀 각 20명씩 총 240명을 대상으로 자극시 분비된 타액의 점도를 cone-and-plate 형태의 점도계를 이용하여 전단율 11.3에서부터 450.0(/sec )사이에서 측정하였다. 또, 20대 남녀 각각 20명의 경우, 자극시 분비 된 전타액의 점도와 함께 비자극시 분비된 전타액, 자극시 분비된 이하선 타액, 자극시 분비된 악하선 설하선 혼합타액의 점도를 같은 방법으로 측정한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 타액은 점탄성의 성질을 가지는 non-Newtonian 유체로서 점도와 전단율 사이의 관계는 점근선으로 표시될 수 있었다. 2. 자극시 분비된 전타액의 점도는 연령이 높을수록 증가된 양상을 보였으나, 남자의 경우 50대 이상에서 가장 높고 여자의 경우 30대에서 가장 높았다. 3. 자극시 분비된 전타액의 점도는 20대, 30대, 40대에서 여자가 남자보다 높았다. 4. 타액 점도는 자극시 분비된 악하선 설하선 혼합타액에서 가장 높았으며, 비자극시 분비된 전타액, 자극시 분비된 전타액, 자극시 분비된 이하선 타액 순이었다.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.237-249
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• 2013

This study was done to investigate status of polypharmacy and inappropriate medications use of the elderly of in nursing homes. The subjects of this study were 270 elderly people in the nursing homes of G city and K city, In this study, the medications were classified by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code, polypharmacy was defined as taking medications more than five, and inappropriate medications use were identified by Beers criteria. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test and one-way ANOVA. Total number of drug types in this study was the average $6.1{\pm}2.6$. The subjects with polypharmacy were 193(71.5%), and with inappropriate medications use were 138(51.1%). There was a significant difference in the polypharmacy according to the number of diseases(p<.001) and in the inappropriate medications use according to age(p=.018). Baesd on this study, polypharmacy and inappropriate medications use of elderly people were main problems that need to carefully assess for safe and correct medication usage in nursing home. Therefore, an ongoing medication monitoring system is necessary to minimize the adverse drug reactions of elderly.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2015

Objective: Polypharmacy is one of the main causes of inappropriate medication use, adverse drug-related events and cost. It aimed to investigate the status of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM), the factors affecting polypharmacy and cost in elderly outpatients. Method: A pharmacy claim data were retrospectively analyzed with elderly patients prescriptions at a pharmacy located near a top tier general hospital. The numbers of medications per person, prevalence of polypharmacy and PIM according to the 2012 Beers criteria and Korea PIM list, medication cost and the factors affecting polypharmacy were investigated. Results: Forty-six percentages of the elderly outpatients received polypharmacy and over 21% of them had medications listed in Beers or Korean PIM. In multiregressional analysis, we found that age, gender and insurance types were affective factors of polypharmacy. (p < 0.001, 0.047, 0.009, respectively). The cost of polypharmacy with PIM in elderly outpatients was increased with age. Various approaches of interventions would be further required.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2006

Purpose: To identify the relationship between medication use and falls among hospitalized stroke patients. Method: The medical records of 472 patients with strokes were reviewed using a questionnaire on falling developed by the authors. Frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test, multiple logistic regression analysis were done using the SAS program. Results: The rate for falls by the patients during their stay in the hospital was 14.0%. The length of stay was longer and the morbidity duration of stroke shorter in the fall group than in the non-fall group. The use of sedatives, laxatives, and antidepressants was a significant predictor of falls and was associated with increase likelihood of falling(1.82, 1.81, 1.75 times respectively). Conclusion: In hospitalized stroke patients, there was a significant association between the use of sedatives, laxatives, antidepressants and falls. The number and kinds of ingested drugs was also associated with falls. It is necessary to further analyze the causes of falls based on results of the present study.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2009

목적 : 이 연구는 알쯔하이머 병에 대한 육미지황가미방의 효과를 조사하였다. 육미지황가미방은 산약, 산수유, 복령, 목단피, 구기자, 택사, 숙지황을 포함한 여러 가지 한약재의 전탕액으로 치매의 한약 치료제로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 방법 : 이 약물의 신경보호 작용을 조사하기 위해, 수중미로를 사용하여 학습과 기억에 대한 육미지황가미방의 효과를 평가 했고, 트리메틸틴은 강력한 유독물질로 선택적으로 중추신경계와 면역계의 세포를 파괴시킨다. 트리메틸틴(6.0 mg/kg, i.p.)주입 후, 쥐에게 육미지황가미방(400mg/kg, p.o.)를 2주 동안 날마다 복용시켰으며, 수중미로를 수행시켰다. 결과 : 육미지황가미방을 트리메틸틴에 노출시킨 쥐에 투약했으며, 그들은 수중미로에서 학습과 기억의 향상을 보였고, 이는 육미지황가미방이 어떠한 환경에서는 트리메틸틴으로 유발된 신경퇴화 후 중추신경계의 결손을 감소시킬 수 있음을 보여준다. 결론 : 이러한 결론은 육미지황가미방이 인지능력을 증가시키고, 트리메틸틴으로 유발된 신경퇴화에서 콜린 아세틸전환효소의 정도를 변화시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

Purpose: It was investigated if abdominal meridian massage has effects on constipation in institutionalized psychiatric patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Methods: According to the constipation screening tests, 22 patients were selected as subjects. One group pre and post repeated measurement design was used. Constipation was operationalized as perceived constipation, frequency of defecation, frequency of bowel sound, and number of medicine taken to relieve constipation. Abdominal meridian massage was given for two weeks, 10-15 minutes each time and 10 times in total. Results: Perceived constipation, frequency of bowel sound, and number of medicine taken were significantly improved after massage. Except for number of medicine taken, the effects on perceived constipation and frequency of bowel sound were found to be persistent 2 weeks after massage. Conclusion: Based upon these results, abdominal meridian massage was recommended as independent nursing intervention for the relief of constipation in psychiatric patients who taking anti-psychotic drugs. Further studies to investigate the maximal duration time of effects and whether the effects of intermittent application of this method is more beneficial than the continuous application of this method are necessary.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.117-129
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• 2006

Insomnia is one of the most common clinical symptom those almost patients with neuropsychiatric disorder complain. and the most common cause of insomnia in neuropsychiatric disorder is the major depressive disorder. We experienced a 59 year-old male who complained of recurrent insomnia in spite of taking medicines(nervines, antidepressants, etc,) during 30 years. We had given herbal medicine, acupuncture treatment and aroma therapy with continuing medications. The patient had several sypmtoms as anxiety, agitation, feeling thirsty, chronic constipation, and etc. beside the insomnia. After the patient took the herbal medicine, especially Sam-Hwang-Sa-Sim-Tang, he could have a sound sleep and be relaxed. In this case, we concluded that oriental medical treatment can be an effective remedy of chronic insomnia that responds to neuropsychiatric medications incompletely and Sam-Hwang-Sa-Sim-Tang is effective to a kind of insomnia with agitation, anxiety, thirsty, constipation, and etc.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study was to survey changes in symptoms caused by Sasang medicines. Methods We recruited 45 subjects who were classified 15 typical Soeumin, Soyangin, Taeumin and did a survey about symptoms. We split Soeumin into 3 groups and prescribed medicines Palmulgunja-tang, Yanggyuksanhwa-tang, Taeumjowi-tang. We did same process in Soyangin and Taeumin. After taking medicines for 4 weeks, we did a survey about physical changes. Results There was no consistent changes in symptoms. But medicines which were not suitable to their Sasang constitution induced known reactions. And medicines which were suitable to their Sasang constitution induced reactions. Conclusions Changes in symptoms appeared after taking medicine, but they can be induced by medicine.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 2011

Reported causes of mandibular nerve injury in relation to neuropathic pain in dentistry include extraction, dental implant surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontal treatment, and root-canal therapy. This study analyzed the characteristics of pharmacologic management of neuropathy after root-canal therapy. 32 patients who complain of abnormal sensation or pain after root-canal therapy and were referred to Department of Oral Medicine and the Temporomandibular Joint and Orofacial Pain Clinic at the Dental Hospital of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea from 2004 to 2011 enrolled in this analysis and improvement of symptom was evaluated after pharmacologic management. Thirty-two patients who had hypoesthesia or dysesthesia at the initial visit were analyzed(9 men, 23 women; mean age: 44 years). The causes of neuropathy were local anesthesia(46.9%), chemical trauma from the sealant in root-canal(25%), endodontic surgery(15.6%), and unknown causes(12.5%). Medications such as steroids, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and analgesics were took for improvement of symptoms and titrated for a variety of period from 1 week to 11 months. It was found that neuropathy of the inferior alveolar nerve and the lingual nerve was in 25 and 7 patients. The improvement of neurosensory disturbance and no improvement after pharmacotherapy was in 21(66%) and 11(34%) patients respectively. The hypoesthesia and dysesthesia was improved 67% and 65% respectively. These results suggest that symptomatic improvement by pharmacologic management can be possible in patients with neuropathy after root-canal therapy. But improvement of symptoms was influenced by the causes and degree of nerve injury, the periods of pharmacotherapy, and the choice of treatment methods. So, further investigation is needed by quantitative measurement of more variables in more individuals.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.380-388
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• 2005

Background : Acute drug intoxication has recently become an important issue in the social and clinical areas. There are various complications associated with acute drug intoxication such as pneumonia, but the process is was not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze our cases of pneumonia associated with acute drug intoxication and to determine the associated risk factors. Methods : Forty four cases out of 237 patients, who were acute drug intoxicated from May 2000 to Feb. 2005, were diagnosed with pneumonia at the Konyang University hospital. These cases were analyzed by a retrospective review of their medical records. Results : The incidence of pneumonia in acute drug intoxication was 18.6%. There was no gender difference in terms of the incidence, but the age group with the highest incidence was in the $5^{th}$ decade (22.5%) followed by the $7^{th}$ decade (17.9%). Most common drug of associated with pneumonia was organophosphate insecticides, and the others were herbicides. Suicidal attempts were the most common motive of intoxication. The incidence of pneumonia was increased in old age (${\beta}=0.128$, p<0.05). A drowsy or comatous mental status was an independent risk factors of pneumonia (${\beta}=-0.209$, p=0.006). A longer hospital duration was also a risk factor for pneumonia (${\beta}=0.361$, p<0.001). The intubated state, intensive care unit care and longer duration of admission correlated with the course of pneumonia in acute drug intoxicated patients (p<0.05). The culture study revealed MRSA to be most common pathogen. Conclusion : The incidence of pneumonia associated with acute drug intoxication was higher in the older aged patients, those with a decreased initial mental status and a longer hospital duration. The number of days in the intensive care unit and intubation were associated prognostic factors for pneumonia in acute drug intoxication patients.