• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.943-951
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• 2014

The tip geometries of the pyramidal and conical indenters used for micro/nano-indentation tests are not sharp. They are inevitably rounded because of their manufacturability and wear. In many indentation studies, the tip geometries of the pyramidal indenters are simply assumed to be spherical, and the theoretical solution for spherical indentation is simply applied to the geometry at a shallow indentation depth. This assumption, however, has two problems. First, the accuracy of the theoretical solution depends on the material properties and indenter shape. Second, the actual shapes of pyramidal indenter tips are not perfectly spherical. Hence, we consider the effects of these two problems on indentation tests via finite element analysis. We first show the relationship between the Poisson's ratio and load-displacement curve for spherical indentation, and suggest improved solutions. Then, using a possible geometry for a Berkovich indenter tip, we analyze the characteristics of the load-displacement curve with respect to the indentation depth.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1453-1463
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the effect of the indenter geometry on the crack characteristics by indentation cracking test and FEA. We conducted various cohesive finite element simulations based on the findings of Lee et al. (2012), who examined the effect of cohesive model parameters on crack size and formulated conditions for crack initiation and propagation. First, we verified the FE model through comparisons with experimental results that were obtained from Berkovich and Vickers indentations. We observed whether nonsymmetrical cracks formed beneath the surface during Berkovich indentation via FEA. Finally, we examined the relation between the crack size and the number of cracks. Based on this relation and the effect of the indenter angle on the crack size, we can predict from the crack size obtained with an indenter of one shape (such as Berkovich or Vickers) the crack size for an indenter of different shape.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.859-869
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• 2009

The sharp indenters such as Berkovich and conical indenters have a geometrical self-similarity in theory, but different materials have the same load-depth curve in case of single indentation. In this study, we analyze the load-depth curves of conical indenter with angles of indenter via finite element method. From FE analyses of dual-conical indentation test, we investigate the relationships between indentation parameters and load-deflection curves. With numerical regressions of obtained data, we finally propose indentation formulae for material properties evaluation. The proposed approach provides stress-strain curve and the values of elastic modulus, yield strength and strain-hardening exponent with an average error of less than 2%. It is also discussed that the method is valid for any elastically deforming indenters made of tungsten carbide and diamond for instance. The proposed indentation approach provides a substantial enhancement in accuracy compared with the prior methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.648-652
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• 1994

Lower Arm은 전차축식 현가장치에 사용되는 자동차부품으로 바퀴에서 발생되는 제동력이나 코너링력 등을 지탱하는 장치이다. V형의 상하 2개의 서스펜션암의 축에 의해 츠레임에 장착되고 좌우에 있는 Lower Arm끝부분은 볼조인트 및 부싱에 의해 스티어링 너클에 부착된다. 압입부품들은 자동차의 주행중 발생하는 외력에 의하여 이탈될 수 있는 위험성에 항상 노출되어 있어 자동차에 사용하는 압입부품들의 이탈력은 매우 중요하지만 한번 이탈시킨 Lower Arm은 이탈력이 현저히 저하되기 때문에 이탈력 측정에 의한 품질관리는 전량검사가 불가능하게 된다. 본 연구는 Lower Arm에 압입되는 볼조인트의 압입력을 압입거리에 따라 측정하여 Lower Arm에 뚫어진 볼조인트 압입구멍의 크기와 압입력의 상관관계를 실험적으로 구할수 있는 크기와 압입력의 상관관계를 실험적으로 구할 수 있는 모니터링 시스템을 개발하고자 한다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2012

In this study, we suggest a method for material property evaluation by dual-triangular pyramidal indenters using the reverse analysis. First, we demonstrated that load-displacement curves of conical and triangular pyramidal indenters are different for the same material. For this reason, an independent research on the triangular pyramidal indenter is needed. From FE indentation analyses on various materials, we then investigated the relationships among material properties, indentation parameters and load-displacement curves. From this, we established property evaluation formula using dual-triangular pyramidal indenters having two different half-included-angles. The approach provides the values of elastic modulus, yield strength and strain-hardening exponent within an average error of 3% for various materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2013

A force calibration of a nanoindenter and a 3D morphology observation of indenters were carried out in this study. A microbalance calibrated with standard weights was used for measuring the loads generated by a nanoindenter. The indentation load could be calibrated from the ratio of measured and generated loads and the first contact load also could be detected from the microbalance data. By analyzing atomic force microscopy images of two indenters, curvature radii of apexes were determined by $19.71{\pm}3.03$ and $1043.94{\pm}50.91$ nm, respectively, for the nearly new indenter A and the severly worn indenter B. Corresponding bluntness depths were estimated by 1.22 and 64.56 nm for the both indenters by overlapping their profiles on the perfect pyramidal shape. In addition, nanoindentation curves obtained from a fused silica reference material with the both indenters showed a depth difference corresponding to the bluntness depth difference along the indentation depth axis. By shifting amounts of the bluntness depths along the horizontal axis, whole nanoindentation curves overlapped on themselves and resulted in nanohardness values consistent within 1.11 % without considering the complex indenter area function of each indenter.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1503-1512
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• 2013

In this study, we proposed an indentation evaluation method for fracture toughness using cohesive finite element simulations. First, we examined the effect of material properties (yield strain, Poisson's ratio, and elastic modulus) on crack size during Vickers indentation and then generated a regression formula that explains the relations among fracture toughness, indentation load, and crack size. We also proposed another indentation formula for fracture toughness evaluation using the contact size a and E/H (H: hardness). Finally, we examined the relation between the crack size and the indenter shapes. Based on this, we can generate from the formula obtained using the Vickers indenter a formula for an indenter of different shapes. Using the proposed method, fracture toughness is directly estimated from indentation data.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.464-469
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• 2017

This study evaluated the displacements of a Cu bar in the Y-direction and the relationship between swaging pressures and total contact forces to increase the productivity of the rotor core swaging process. Elastic-plastic numerical analyses of four different Cu bar shapes were performed with a constant swaging pressure to evaluate the displacements of the Cu bar in the Y-direction and the contact force distributions at the contact surfaces during the swaging process. Based on the numerical analysis results, the following conclusions were obtained. First, a simplified 2-dimensional cyclic symmetric analysis model was developed for the numerical analysis of the rotor core swaging process. Second, the final displacements of the Cu bar in the Y-direction were nearly the same as the change of the Cu bar size at a constant swaging pressure. Third, a linear relationship between the swaging pressures and the total contact forces, the so called resistance forces, was suggested.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.38-38
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• 1999

매설배관은 도로 혹은 철길올 횡단하는 경우와 같이 굴착에 의한 시공이 불가능한 경우에 압업관을 사용하여 시공하며 이러한 압업관은 배관이 토양의 하중으로부터 안 전하게 유지되도록 하는 기능도 한다. 압엽관은 배관과 접촉이 되지 않도록 절연체 를 배관과의 사이에 삽업올 하도록 규정되어 있는데 여러 가지 이유로 배관과 접촉이 되기도 한디 배관과 압업관이 전기적으로 접촉되면 배관을 방식하기 위한 방식전류 를 압입관에 빼앗기게 되고 압업관 내부의 배관은 비방식 상태에 놓이게 되어 부석이 일어날 가능성이 높다. 본 연구는 실제 매설배관 현장에서 배관과 압입관의 접촉여부 에 대하여 조사한 방법 및 결과에 대한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 압업관의 접촉여부를 확인하기 위하여 다음과 같은 방법을 사용하 였다. 첫째. 배관과 압입관의 방식선위를 단순하게 측정하는 것이다. 배관과 압업관 의 전위가 같은가 다른가를 측정하는 방법이다. 둘째, 배관의 방식전류를 on, off하면서 배관과 압입판의 전위거동을 살펴보는 것이다. 셋째, 배관과 압업관을 언위적으로 접촉시켜 흐르는 전류량을 확인함으로써 접촉여부를 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째 배관을 따라 흐르는 방삭전류량을 측정하였다. 이상과 같은 방법을 사용하여 배판과 접촉된 압압관을 확인할 수 있었다. 접촉된 압입관에서 접촉지점을 확인하기 위하여 배관과 압입관 사이에 전류를 인가하고 압입 관의 양단의 배판 사이의 전위 변화를 측정하여 그 전위변화값과 인가한 전류값을 통 하여 계산된 저항올 배관의 길이로 환산하여 대략적인 접촉지점을 확인할 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the food impaction between implant prostheses and adjacent natural teeth. Materials and methods: For this study, 51 patients with food impaction were selected and investigated mobility, tightness of contact area, gingival index, plaque index, attachment loss, alveolar bone level, proximal caries, marginal ridge distance and occlusal relationships. Results: Food impaction was found in the upper teeth (60.7%) more than the lower teeth (39.2%). Food impaction was occurred on mesial side of implant prostheses (86.2%) more than distal side (13.7%). Food impaction was mostly found in loose or open contact area (94.2%). Food impaction was frequent on stepped relationship between implant and adjacent teeth. Conclusion: Treatment plan should include proper adjacent and antagonistic occlusal plane and occlusal surface, to prevent food impaction, and the plan should include less adjacent tooth mobility with proper tightness between implant prostheses and adjacent teeth.