• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 1995

Water extracts from Polygonum aviculare and Salix koreansis markedly inhibited the germination of lettuce and rice seeds, indicating the presence of biologically active substances. The biochemical substances such as salicylic and+vanillic acid, tannic acid + gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-cressol, sinapic acid and catechol etc. belonging to phenolic compounds were detected in the cultured cells, suggesting that the secondary metabolites can be synthesized in plant cell and tissue culture. In addition, fatty acid like linolenic acid and organic acid such as oxalic acid were presented in the highest amount, 3.7 mg/g and 14.288 mg/g, respectively, which seem to be related to exhibiting phytotoxicity of P. aviculare. Petroleum ether extract exhibited another potential relating to inhibitory effect which needs further investigation. Calli from two plant sources were easily introduced by uses of 1.0 mg/l of 2.4-D and 0.1 to 0.2 mg/l of BAP in MS basal medium which can be implemented for a large scale production through cell culture.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2000

Recently the harmfulness of W radiation is in creasing due to encironmental pollution. Environmental population may also play a role in global decrease of ozone layer, A major consequence of ozone depletion is increase in solar ultra violet radiation received at the earth's surface excessive exposure to W radiation cause a lot of problems in our skin. Plant extract that possess antioxidative activities has been reported to retard the oxidation process in product to which they have been added. Plant are alived under solar light. So it is expect the plants have so many protection mechanisms and UV absorbent ingredients against ultra violet radiation such as UVB, UVA. Plant extract which were flavonoids, alkaloids and others could be transformed into UV absorber by chemical modification. Therefore with the aim of finding alternative natural absorber that can safely be used in cosmetic, we have screened various extract for their UV absorbent effect. Thus, the cosmetic safety against human skin, antimicrobial effects and others could be improved by using the silicon.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the effect of packaging materials on quality characteristics of washed potatoes such as Hunter's a value, chlorophyll and potato glycoalkaloids (PGA) content during their storage for 15 days. Packaging methods were evaluated into five ways: no packaging (NP, positive control), paper bag (PB, negative control), onion net (ON), transparent oriented to polypropylene without hole (TP), opaque oriented polypropylene with 4 holes (OP). Hunter's a values of washed potatoes showed minus in NP and TP after 12 days storage, whereas all plus values were observed in those of PB, ON, and OP. Total chlorophyll content of washed potatoes was the highest in no packaging at 15 days after storage. The PGA content of washed potatoes showed low levels in flesh part (below $5mg/100g{\cdot}FW$) as well as in peel part ($4.5-9.3mg/100mg{\cdot}FW$) in all packagings up to 15 days after storage.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 1970

The process of the forced aging of flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied extensively from various scientific points of view. The Flue-cured tobacco leaves were inoculated and fermented with nicotine resistant Hansenula yeast, or the leaves were subjected under simple forced aging. The above two processes of forced aging were studied from the summarized points of microbiology, physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, and the resulted products ware compared in their physical, chemical and biochemical quality determining factors with that of raw material tobacco leaves (dried-tobacco leaves) and 2 years aged high quality tobacco leaves. The summary results were as follows. 1) The Korean flue-cured tobacco leaves, were forcedly aged under the basic optimum aging condition, temperature $40^{\circ}C$, moisture contents 18%, relative humidity 74%. It was found that this aging condition was the best in bringing the quality of forcedly aged tobacco leaves to the utmost state. 2) Under this optimum temperature and moisture condition of forced aging in about 20 days the forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with yeast inoculation and without yeast inoculation showed the equivalent tobacco qualities comparable with that of more than 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 3) The forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with and without yeast inoculation under $40^{\circ}C$ temperature and $74^{\circ}C$ relative humidity achieved the necessary quality determining physical and chemical changes in about 20 days. 4) The microbial changes during the forced aging were as follows. The population of yeasts and bacteria increased until to 15 days of aging, then decreased thereafter. Whereas the molds grew continously until the end of fermentation. 5) The tobacco quality determing physico-chemico-properties of yeast inoculated aged and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves, progressed as the follows in time. As the forced aging progresses, swelling and combustibility properties were improved. The pH, total reducing materials, total sugars, alkaloids contents decreased. The contents of organic and ether extractable materials increased. The total nitrogen, protein, crude fiber, ash contents showed no changes. The color properties, excitation purity, luminance, main wave length, showed equivalent changes comparable with that of 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 6) The changes in chemical components in yeast treated and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves during $15{\sim}20{\;}days$ of forced aging were as follows. The following chemical components decreased as the aging. Sugars-sucrose. rhamnose, glucose. Pigments-chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophyll and violax anthine. Polyphenols-rutin, chlorogenic and, coffeic acid. Organic acids-iso-butylic, crotonic, caprylic, galacturonic, tartaric, succinic, citric acid. Alkaloids-nicotine, nornicotine. The following components increased as the forced aging progressed. Sugars-frutose, maltose, raffinose. Amino acids-proline, cystine. Organic acids-formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric, malic, oxalic, malonic, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$, fumaric, glutaric acid. 7) During the forced aging of tobacco Leaves the oxygen-uptake decreased gradually. The enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase, ${\beta}-amylase$ ${\alpha}-amylase$ decreased gradually. The activities of the enzymes, catalase, and invertase increased once then decreased at the later stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.333-345
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• 2017

The potato tuber is known as a rich source of essential nutrients, used throughout the world. Although potato-breeding programs share some priorities, the major objective is to increase the genetic potential for yield through breeding or to eliminate hazards that reduce yield. Glycoalkaloids, which are considered a serious hazard to human health, accumulate naturally in potatoes during growth, harvesting, transportation, and storage. Here, we used the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and GGE (Genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction) biplot model, to evaluate tuber yield stability and glycoalkaloid content in six potato cultivars across three locations during 2012/2013. The environment on tuber yield had the greatest effect and accounted for 33.0% of the total sum squares; genotypes accounted for 3.8% and $G{\times}E$ interaction accounted for 11.1% which is the nest highest contribution. Conversely, the genotype on glycoalkaloid had the greatest effect and accounted for 82.4% of the total sum squares), whereas environment and $G{\times}E$ effects on this trait accounted for only 0.4% and 3.7%, respectively. Furthermore, potato genotype 'Superior', which covers most of the cultivated area, exhibited high yield performance with stability. 'Goun', which showed lower glycoalkaloid content, was the most suitable and desirable genotype. Results showed that, while tuber yield was more affected by the environment, glycoalkaloid content was more dependent on genotype. Further, the use of the AMMI and GGE biplot model generated more interactive visuals, facilitated the identification of superior genotypes, and suggested decisions on a variety of recommendations for specific environments.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.345-353
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• 1995

${\beta}-Carboline$ alkaloids including harmaline have been shown to inhibit enzymatically or nonenzymatically induced-lipid peroxidation of microsomes. This study was done to explore the antioxidant ability of harmaline and harmalol on the oxidative injuries of hyaluronic acid, lipid and collagen by $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$. Their scavenging actions on reactive oxygen species were also examined. Harmaline, harmalol, superoxide dismutase, catalase and DMSO inhibited both degradation of hyaluronic acid by $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$ and lipid peroxidation of microsomes by $Fe^{2+}$. In these reactions, DABCO inhibited degradation of hyaluronic acid but did not affect lipid peroxidation. ${\beta}-Carbolines$ inhibited degradation of cartilage collagen by $Fe^{2+}$, $H_2O_2$ and ascorbic acid. The reduction of ferricytochrome c due to autoxidation of $Fe^{2+}$, which is inhibited by superoxide dismutase, was not affected by harmaline and harmalol. They also did not have a decomposing action on $H_2O_2$. Hydroxyl radical production in the presence of $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$ was inhibited by harmaline, harmalol and DMSO. Harmaline and harmalol may inhibit the oxidative injuries of hyaluronic acid, lipid and cartilage collagen by $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$ through their scavenging actions on reactive oxygen species, OH and probably iron-oxygen complexes and exert antioxidant abilities.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.195-205
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• 1997

This paper is to assess the effect of Adaptagen as a radioprotector in which main component is alkaloid fraction of ginseng. Evaluation was made in vitro and in vivo study with NIGP(S) mouse by the measurement of regeneration of jejunal crypt cell and micronucleus assay to analyze radioprotective effect of ginseng alkaloid fraction in comparison with that of water fraction after whole body irradiation. The results were as follows, 1. The degree of radiation damage of mouse jejunal crypt cell was diminished in both of alkaloid and water fraction groups compared to control group but more in alkaloid fraction group than water fraction group. Regeneration of mouse jejunal crypt cell was higher both in alkaloid and water fraction groups than control group. 3. In vitro study, frequency of micronucleus was diminished in tendency for the treated groups than control group but statistically insignificant. 4. In vitro study, frequency of micronucleus was diminished in both alkaloid and water fraction groups compared to control group but more in alkaloid fraction group than water fraction group.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 1985

Majarine that was isolated from Berberis Koreasra Palibin (Berberidaceae) is the isoquinoline alkaloid. The effects of dopaminergic and serotonergic antagonists on majarine induced changes in body temperature were studied in the mouse. Intraperitoneal administration of majarine produced dose-dependent hypothermia. At a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, majarine caused a slight increase in body temperature. Majarine-induced hyperthermia was attenuated by the 5-HT antagonist, cyproheptadine However, it caused hyothermia in mice pretreated with the DA antagonist, haloperidol, and hyperthermia in mice pretreated with haloperidol and cyproheptadine in comparision with haloperidol pretreatment. At a dose of 2.0 mg/kg, majarine-induced hypothermia was attenuated by haloperidol and cyproheptadine, respectively. In reserpine pretreated mice, majarine produced dose-dependent hypothermia. At a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, majarine pretreated with haloperidol caused no significant effect in body temperature. At a dose of 2.0 mg/kg, majarine-induced hypothermia was attenuated by haloperidol pretreatment in mice treated with reserpine and ${\alpha}$-methyl-p-tyrosine. These data suppose that both dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the brain mediate the effects of majarine on body temperature. We propose that majarine directly stimulate DA receptor, which secondarilly activate 5-HT neurons to cause changes in body temperature.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 2006

We evaluated the potential of major components of Phellodendri cortex to inhibit the activities of CYP2D6 and p-glycoprotein. The abilities of berberine, palmatine, limonin, and rutaecarpine to inhibit CYP2D6-mediated dextromethorphan O-demethylation and calcein AM accumulation were tested using human liver microsomes and L-MDR1 cell, respectively. Berberine strongly inhibited CYP2D6 isoform activity, whereas limonin and reuaecarpine did not. The $IC_{50}$ value of berberine was reduced after preincubation with microsomes in the presence of NADPH generating system, suggesting that berberine is a mechanism based inhibitor. In addition, all chemicals tested, didn't show inhibitory effect on p-glycoprotein activity. These results suggest that berberine has potential to inhibit CYP2D6 activity in vitro. Therefore, in vivo studies investigating the interactions between berberine and CYP2D6 substrates are necessary to determine whether inhibition of CYP2D6 activity by berberine is clinically relevant.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 1998

This study was carried out to measure the contents of moisture, crude ash, crude fat, total amino acid, with amino acid composition, vitamin C, ${\beta}-carotene$, vitamin E, total catechins, EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC, GA, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline of the green tea I, II, III, oolong, and black tea. The content of crude fat of green tea I, II, III, oolong, and black teas was 1.1, 2.5, 4.9, 0.8 and 1.2% respectively, total amino acid content was 0.87, 0.78, 0.60, 0.63 and 1.05% respectively, and theanine content was 0.52, 0.48, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.61%, respectively. Total amino acid content of green tea increased in the order of green tea I> green tea II> green tea III, and among the teas, the content of theanine was the highest in the amino acids present. The content of vitamin C of green teal, II, III, oolong, and black tea was 101.6, 87.5, 95.9, 99.1 and 108.0 mg%, respectively, ${\beta}-carotene$ content was 270, 268, 481, 80 and 181 ppm, respectively. Among the ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-,\;{\gamma}-\;and\;{\delta}-tocopherol$, the content of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ was the highest in vitamin E present, and ${\beta}-\;and\;{\delta}-tocopherol$ were not detected in the samples of green teal, II, III, oolong, and black teas. The total catechins of green teal, II, III, oolong, and black teas was 10.5, 10.4, 7.2, 8.4 and 1.8% respectively, and among them, EGCG content was the highest. The content of EGC increased in the order of green tea I > green tea III > green tea II > oolong tea> black tea. The contents EGCG and ECG increased in the order of oolong tea> green tea I > green tea II> green tea III> black tea, and the highest contents of EGCG and ECG were observed in the samples of oolong tea. The content of GA was 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.13 and 0.31%, respectively, and the highest contents of GA, caffeine and theobromine were observed in the sample of black tea. The highest content of theophylline, however, was observed in the sample of green tea I.